Beijing is the capital of China and is the political and cultural center of the country. Since the reform and opening up, the printing industry in Beijing has achieved considerable development and achieved outstanding results. Beijing's printing industry has played an important role in the capital's politics, culture, and economy. It is responsible for printing the main newspapers, periodicals, and books of the party and the country. The country's major political principles and the promotion of socialist political and economic development play an important role.
The printing industry in Beijing has a long history. The carved prints in the Beijing area were originally found in the Liao Dynasty. From the Liao Dynasty, all the history has been marked in Beijing as an important book that can be handed down. Such as the Liao Dynasty's "Khitan Monastery", Jin Dynasty's "Dark King Xuan Treasure", the Ming Dynasty "Thirteen Classics", "21 History", the Qing Dynasty "Ancient and Modern Book Integration" and "Siku Quanshu" and many more.
After the founding of New China, Beijing, as the capital of the Republic, became a political and cultural center of the country, and also a center for national research, education, and publishing. In order to meet the needs of the continuous development of socialist politics and culture and better serve the capital’s spiritual civilization and material civilization, the party and government attach great importance to the construction and development of the printing industry, especially the book printing industry. Since 1950, they have invested huge sums of money and have planned to establish a batch of books and magazines in Beijing. Since the reform and opening up, the printing industry has developed rapidly. With the strong support of the government, foreign advanced printing technologies and equipment have been continuously introduced to transform old companies and continue to build new factories. After more than forty years of hard work, printing companies in the Beijing area have grown from 280 in the early years of the founding of the People's Republic of China to more than 1,800 today. At present, important industries such as state-owned enterprises, collective companies, joint-stock companies, and “three foreign-funded enterprises†have been formed, with common development of various economic components, simultaneous urban and rural development, and meeting the needs of the market economy.
First, books, newspapers, publications, packaging and printing technology have been fully developed
1. Development of Book Printing Technology With the deepening of reform and opening up, the continuous development of the economy, the people’s demand for spiritual products such as culture and education has greatly increased, and the variety and quantity of publications such as books, newspapers and periodicals have gradually increased. The number and variety of publications, such as newspapers and periodicals, have gradually increased. In order to shorten the publishing cycle and improve the quantity and quality of printing in books and periodicals, Beijing's printing companies strengthened their technological transformation in the early 1980s, and some large and medium-sized enterprises established manual photocopying workshops so that the printing of books and periodicals began with the transition from lead to photocopying and embossing to offset printing. . In the early 1990s, books and periodicals printing companies basically eliminated the lead discharge process. Large and medium-sized enterprises generally adopted electronic laser photocopying technology and bid farewell to "lead and fire."
In terms of color platemaking, in the mid-1960s, Beijing's printing industry introduced China's first electronic color separation machine. In the 1980s, a large number of different types of electronic color separation machines were introduced from Germany, the United Kingdom, and Japan, resulting in a major change in Beijing's platemaking technology. In the early 1990s, the color desktop system of Peking University Founder Group was successfully developed. Since then, it has broken the long-term monopoly of the Chinese market by foreign electronic color separation machines, leading to a new technological revolution in China's color platemaking field. Since the mid-1990s, Beijing has basically eliminated the electronic color separation process, which has brought the color platemaking technology closer to the world's advanced level at that time, and has met the requirements for high-end color printing products.
With the promotion of laser photocopying technology, the Beijing book printing industry eliminated the lead discharge in the early 1990s and completed the transition to offset printing.
Beijing's post-press processing technology, starting from the mid-1980s, began with the development of single-species in the country from high-grade, fine, and multi-variety: the introduction of such production lines as Kolbs's hardcover linkage and the Martini's paperback binding production line. With a variety of advanced stand-alone use at the same time, greatly shorten the printing production cycle, binding quality has greatly improved.
In the past 20 years, Beijing's book printing industry has achieved significant results in terms of scheduling, printing, and packaging. The period of book publishing has been shortened from five months to 30 days (7 to 10 days in special cases), and the quality of printed products has improved greatly. Some of these printed products are close to or have reached the level of developed countries, and the large-scale printed publication "China Encyclopedia" The book, the "Chinese Dictionary" and the "Complete Collection of Chinese Fine Arts" have had an important influence at home and abroad.
2. Development of newspaper printing technology Beijing has centralized the central, ministry, military, and municipal major newspaper printing houses and has undertaken the printing and binding tasks of 267 kinds of newspapers and 8,817 journals. Therefore, it became the publishing, printing, and distribution center of the China Press. In the early 1980s, the People's Daily Printing Factory introduced an ultra-high speed offset printing press, which provided Beijing with experience in offset printing of newspapers. After 1985, Xinhua Press, Economic Daily Printing, and Beijing Daily Press successively adopted laser photocopying systems and eliminated lead printing equipment. By the end of the 1980s, the Beijing newspaper printing factory adopted laser photocopying, which achieved a shift from heat to cold, from lead printing to offset printing. In recent years, newspaper printing equipment has been rapidly updated and Gaussian and Rowland web offset presses have been introduced. After 20 years of technological transformation, the appearance of the Beijing newspaper printing factory has undergone significant changes and is close to the world's advanced level. The printing output of newspapers has increased, and color newspapers have been greatly developed, and they have continued to develop into two-sided color.
3, the development of packaging and printing technology Beijing's past packaging and printing is very backward, low product quality, fewer varieties, poor technology and equipment, a serious shortage of production capacity. In order to adapt to the development of the socialist market economy, thick paper multicolor offset printing presses, high-grade unit type flexographic printing production lines, electronic color separation machines, color desktop systems, gravure printing machines, non-film electronic engraving machines, and corrugated paper production lines have been introduced. The advanced technology of post-finishing and finishing equipment, such as die-cutting, creasing, glazing and other equipment, has greatly improved the production technology of the Beijing packaging and printing industry. The packaging and printing process has been mainly based on letterpress printing, gradually transformed into computer-based printing, multi-color offset printing, flexo printing, and gravure printing. It has also increased self-adhesive printing, screen printing, transfer printing, composite packaging printing, and laser holography. Printing and other new technologies. Basically changed the "first-class products, second-class packaging, third-class prices," the backward appearance.
Now Beijing's packaging and printing industry has established an emerging industrial system with a relatively complete range of categories, divided into five broad categories by product: printing, carton carton, printing cans, plastics and composite packaging, carton processing machinery. Can be the city and other provinces and cities of light industry, textiles, food, tobacco, medicine, daily chemical, clothing, electronics and other industries supporting services.
In recent years, under the drive of market demand, some printing and printing plants in Beijing have adjusted their production structure and developed packaging and decoration printing. Printing companies such as Beijing Offset Printing Factory, Beijing Xinhua Printing Factory, Beijing Printing Factory, Foreign Language Printing Factory, Beijing Baihua Printing Co., Ltd., Chemical Industry Press Printing Factory, and 1201 Factory have also introduced thick paper multicolors to meet market demand. Offset presses, automatic die-cutting machines, automatic folder-gluers, flexo printing production lines, etc., carried out color carton printing, trademark printing and other businesses. At the same time, it also established some Sino-foreign joint-venture packaging companies, so that Beijing packaging and decorating printing production capacity reached A new level.
4, the development of rapid printing technology Beijing rapid printing development has been 20 years, from the desktop small offset press, floor type small offset press, computer-controlled color offset press to today's digital presses, a variety of equipment forms.
In the early 1990s, digital printing appeared internationally. To date, Beijing has introduced several digital printing machines, which is conducive to the development of Beijing's rapid color printing market. At present, due to the relatively high prices of digital print products, there has been no fundamental impact on the light printing market, which is dominated by small offset printers, but its development prospects are extensive.
5. Current problems Although Beijing's printing industry has achieved greater development, the overall level of printing technology and equipment still has a large gap compared with developed countries.
The overall level of printing quality of Beijing books and periodicals is still not high, the printing capacity at low grades is excessive, the capacity for high-quality color printing is insufficient, and even a lot of high-grade printing parts have flowed out from other places.
Most state-owned printing companies have low utilization rate of prepress processing equipment, lack of living resources, and poor book and textbook binding quality. The reasons are as follows: First, due to the large number of short-lived printing products in the printing market in recent years, the specification changes greatly, the utilization rate of the high-speed bookbinding production line is greatly reduced, and many imported binding lines are idle. The second is the large number of binding and inflow of peripheral equipment and the old technology. Backward binding plants and township and village enterprises have caused a large number of books and periodicals with poor binding quality.
The overall size of the Beijing packaging and printing industry is small, and there are not many enterprises that produce high-end products, which are incompatible with the status of the capital, an international metropolis, and its economic development needs.
II. The development direction of Beijing printing industry in the new century
Beijing's development of the printing industry is not only necessary, but also has huge market potential and unique conditions. Beijing is the nation's political and cultural center, the country's largest publishing base, and it has concentrated more than 40% of the country's publishing houses, and 24% of periodical publications. The types and volumes of books, newspapers, and publications are about 20-30% of the country's total; Beijing is the nation’s international communication center. It has gathered foreign diplomatic missions in China, more than 5,000 representative offices of foreign companies, and more than 10,000 “funded enterprisesâ€. Each year, there are a large number of international and domestic conferences and exhibitions, as well as various economic Cultural, technological and commercial exchange activities, as well as increasingly developed tertiary industries such as finance, commerce, tourism, advertising, and consulting services. All of this has produced a huge demand for prints.
According to the development goals set out by the Press and Publication Industry Development Plan for 2000 and 2010 issued by the State Press and Publication Administration, the total number of printed copies of books and periodicals has grown at an average annual rate of 7%, and the total number of printed newspapers has grown at an average annual rate of 10%, indicating the future market. The demand shows a rapid growth trend.
In order to adapt the Beijing printing industry to the development needs of the new century, the first is to actively support the reform of the joint-stock system of state-owned enterprises and to encourage the reorganization of assets between enterprises and enterprises so that all the assets formed by the company’s investors’ investment will indeed become legal persons enjoying legal personality. Property rights shall be operated in accordance with the law, be self-financing, enjoy independent civil rights, and bear civil liabilities. Make the company out of the old model, into the market economy. The second is to encourage and support enterprises to increase investment in technological transformation, introduce new equipment and new technologies, and promote the training and education of technical personnel of enterprises. To adapt to the development direction of modern society's product structure with multiple varieties, high quality, and short-term cycles, the company actively promotes prepress Technology universally popularizes color desktop systems. Third, support for large and medium-sized printing companies with conditions to gradually adopt internationally leading digital printing technology to accelerate the production speed and improve quality, and to save equipment, material consumption, manpower and space. The fourth is to improve the binding quality of publications in Beijing, shorten the gap between binding technologies in developed regions and abroad, encourage the use of automated glue-binding production lines, hardcover linkage lines, and develop technologically advanced stand-alone equipment to accommodate multiple varieties and small batches of books. Market needs. In the past 5 years, we have strived to adopt fully programmed automatic control of paper cutters. Guided Beijing's printing industry to gradually become digital, networked, and fully automated. Use the new book printing standards issued by the Press and Publication Administration to align the specifications of printed products with the world in order to meet the development needs of domestic and foreign markets, and to welcome new products after China's accession to the WTO.
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