1 Corrugated cardboard is an important packaging material. Commodity packaging is a very important link in the circulation and supply chain. It is an important guarantee for the safe and complete delivery of goods from the manufacturer to the consumer. With economic development, especially retail With the development of the industry, the packaging industry has achieved considerable development. In 1997, the world packaging industry achieved sales of US$475 billion, and the proportions of sales of various packaging materials were: metal 25%, glass 6%, plastic 30%, paper 34%, and other 5%, among which the share of paper packaging Maximum 1. Corrugated material is the most important paper packaging material. It is usually processed into corrugated cardboard from corrugated cardboard and corrugated base paper, and then processed into various types of corrugated cardboard boxes using corrugated cardboard. The main uses of corrugated boxes vary from country to country, with 40% in North America and Western Europe used to package foods, 50% in Japanese packaged foods, and 30% in China to package foods and beverages. In addition to being widely used in food packaging, corrugated cartons can also be used to package furniture, large appliances, textiles and rubber products. Corrugated cartons developed in recent years can be used to package small items for sale on supermarket shelves. Due to the structural characteristics of corrugated board itself, it has a very high strength/weight ratio and is a very good packaging material; in addition, papermaking fibers can be recycled and recycled, and this packaging material has also been favored by modern society that attaches great importance to environmental protection. . According to statistics, the consumption of corrugated materials in the world is about 100 million tons, and it increases by an average of 3.6% during the period from 1980 to 1996. It is predicted that it will still increase at a rate of 3.5%/a in the next 10 years. Per capita consumption of corrugated materials is the highest in North America at 100 kg/a, followed by Japan at 72 kg/a, followed by Western Europe (43 kg/a), Australia and New Zealand (36 kg/a). The population in these four regions accounted for only 15% of the world's population, and the consumption of corrugated materials accounted for 68% of the world's total consumption.2 The relationship between corrugated materials consumption and the level of national economic development is evident. The per capita consumption of corrugated materials is 14kg in the world, and 7.6kg in China. The per capita consumption of corrugated materials in China is only half of the global per capita consumption.
In North America, the consumption of corrugated material was significantly higher due to the higher basis weight of cardboard and corrugated paper used in the past. With the trend towards the use of low-quantitative and high-strength boxboard and corrugated base paper in recent years, plus some markets occupied by plastics, it is estimated that The consumption of corrugated materials in North America is nearly saturated, and its growth in recent years is estimated to be below 1%. In contrast, due to the rapid economic growth in Asia and the further development of the retail market, it is estimated that by 2005, the annual consumption of corrugated materials will increase by 4%3. 2 China corrugated paper demand forecast table 1 is the total paper and board consumption and corrugated material consumption in several countries and regions in 1998. 4 In the listed countries and regions, corrugated material consumption accounts for 26% of all paper and board consumption. 41%, most regions account for about 30%. From a global scale, the consumption of corrugated materials accounts for about one-third of all paper and board consumption. According to experts' forecast, the consumption of paper and paperboard in China will be about 50 million tons in 2005, and consumption of corrugated materials will be measured at 30%. By that time, the consumption of corrugated materials in China will be 15 million tons. Table 1 Consumption of corrugated materials and total paper and board consumption in several countries (regions) in 1998 (10,000 t)
Corrugated Materials Paper and Cardboard Corrugated Materials Consumption % China 956 3289 29 Japan 898 2998.9 30 South Korea 195.5 524.2 37 Taiwan 197.7 483.7 41 United States 2803.9 9095.3 31 Canada 189.7 730.6 26 France 321.3 1068.1 30 Worldwide ~10000 29852 33
From a macro-statistical perspective, the proportion of corrugated boardboard and corrugated paper in various countries (regions) varies, with 31.5% of corrugated paper in the United States, 39% in Japan, 30% in South Korea, and 38% in the United Kingdom, accounting for Taiwan in China. 41%, which is related to the structure of the corrugated board used in the area and the quantification of corrugated paper. The proportion of corrugated paper consumption in China is much higher than that of cardboard. In 1998, the proportion of corrugated paper consumption was much higher than that of cardboard. In 1998, consumption of corrugated board was 9.56 million tons, of which corrugated paper was 5.86 million tons, accounting for 61%. Contrary to the international proportion, this is largely due to the fact that the corrugated paper used in China is generally high-quantitative, and the amount of high-strength corrugated paper used in China is still too low. Taking into account the development of corrugated base papers in the direction of low quantitative and high strength, such as corrugated paper accounting for 45% of corrugated board, the consumption of corrugated base paper in China in 2005 will increase by 2.45 million tons compared with 1998.
In recent years, few domestic projects have been planned for the construction of new and expanded corrugated paper bases, and the newly increased production capacity is not large. Even if the projects currently planned to be launched on time are put into production, there will be at least 1 million tons of gaps by 2005. At the same time, the international market for corrugated paper is not sufficient, which may be related to the low added value of this product. In 1998, for example, the only major net exporters were Canada, Russia, South Korea, France, and Taiwan Province of China. Canada’s net exports are 470,000 tons, accounting for 43% of its total output; South Korea’s net exports are 158,000 tons, accounting for 21% of its output; China’s Taiwan Province and France’s net exports are 73,000 tons and 33,000 tons, respectively. In fact, paper-producing countries such as the United States and Japan actually import net corrugated paper every year. In 1998, the United States imported 127,000 tons, and Japan imported 24,000 tons. It seems that the demand for corrugated paper cannot rely too much on the international market. The gap in corrugated paper in China should be resolved by increasing domestic production capacity. 3 The main raw materials for imported corrugated paper, imported waste paper, domestic waste paper and wheat straw half-chemical pulp should be the main fiber raw materials for the development of corrugated paper in China. Internationally, semi-chemical hardwood pulp is widely used to produce corrugated paper. As early as 1925, NSSC pulp was used as raw material. In recent years, due to the emphasis on environmental protection, the use of OCC as raw materials has become increasingly common. West Asia and Europe corrugated materials waste paper consumption of up to 75%, Asian waste paper accounted for 71%, South Korea and Taiwan Province of China is to use waste paper as raw materials to produce cardboard and corrugated paper. In recent years, many production lines in China have used corrugated cardboard boxes (AOCC) as raw materials to produce corrugated materials. Although the cost of waste paper raw materials is lower than that of the original fiber, the research results show that the raw materials of the corrugated medium with NSSC as raw material have good stiffness, and have better running performance when the creping machine starts to pick up, and can maintain high values ​​under high humidity. With tensile stiffness and compressive strength, the manufactured corrugated boxes have better stiffness in wet conditions5.
In addition, the shortage of imported waste paper resources should also attract sufficient attention. In recent years, there has been little export of waste paper in Europe, and the export of waste paper in Hong Kong has also shown a downward trend. Table 2 shows the recovery and export of used corrugated boxes (AOCC) in the United States6. By 2001, only 396 million tons of AOCCs could be exported. The same article reported that in 1996, the OCC accounted for 39% of US exports of waste paper. Based on this calculation, the total amount of US waste paper exports in 2001 should be about 10.15 million tons. In 1996, the export flow of waste paper in the United States was 20% in Korea, 12% in China, 12% in Taiwan, 15% in Mexico, and 18% in Canada. For example, if the waste paper exported to China is still at the 12% level, all the US waste paper that China can import will be about 1.21 million tons. South Korea, China Taiwan, and Mexico are certainly the main competitors of imported AOCC, and China Taiwan imports 900,000 tons of OOCC from the island each year. It seems to be soberly estimated that the further development of corrugated materials cannot be excessively dependent on AOCC. Table 2 Recovery and Export Situation of Waste Corrugated Paper Containers (AOCC) in the US (10,000 t)
In 1997, 2001 recycled 1926 2223 for personal use 1638 1818 exports 306 396
On the contrary, in 1998, the domestic consumption of corrugated materials was 9.56 million tons, and the corrugated material recovery rate in the United States was 68.9%. If our recovery rate can reach 50%, the domestic waste corrugated box material can be recycled by nearly 5 million tons, which is very Considerable numbers. Although the quality of domestic OCC is not as good as that of AOCC, this part of raw materials should not be ignored in any case. The domestic OCC is still dominated by grass fibers. In the past, people were prejudiced against the recovery of waste paper from grass fibers. The results of the study showed that the quality of the paper can be improved to a certain extent during the recycling process. The agent should produce good quality corrugated paper.
Lack of timber resources in China, we should pay attention to the use of wheat straw half chemical pulp production of corrugated paper. The experience of producing the high-strength corrugated base paper by using the semi-chemical wheat straw mixed with a certain proportion of OCC in Spanish SAICA paper mill is worth learning from. The reason why the plant uses semi-chemical wheat straw pulp is that there is a shortage of European OCC supply, and the second is that wheat straw is relatively cheap. The factory uses self-developed continuous steaming equipment and processes to produce semi-chemical wheat straw pulp at a constant liquid-to-liquid ratio under atmospheric pressure, and mixes 50% to 75% of OCC to produce high-quality, high-strength corrugated base paper.
The quality of semi-chemical wheat straw pulp is not a problem. The problem is to solve the waste water treatment. The wheat straw half chemical pulp wastewater treatment has no successful experience. The above-mentioned Spanish SAICA paper mill began to mix Nissan's 300t straw liquor with the white water of the paper machine, and anaerobic fermentation was carried out in three 15,000m3 tanks. The biogas produced was sent to the boiler for power generation. Wastewater can be discharged after being subjected to aerobic treatment. In the mid-1980s, the local pollutant discharge standard was COD 10000mg/L, and the wastewater COD of the plant was 5700-7500mg/L, which could meet the discharge standards. Many articles were reported as successful waste water treatment; the discharge standard was set to 5000mg in the late 1980s. / L, factories can only use straw pulp production to meet the standard requirements. However, with the increasingly stringent control of local government's emission standards, the requirement for COD emissions was less than 500mg/L by 1998. Although the plant spent 2 million US dollars for two years of research, it did not find a good way to reach the standard, and finally had to temporarily Chemical wheat straw production line closed. According to Mr. Escudero at the TAPPI Paper Technology Seminar at the 99' China International Paper Exhibition in November 1999, they are developing new processes for lignin precipitation and wet oxidation, and believe that the waste liquid undergoes lignin precipitation and wet oxidation. After anaerobic-aerobic treatment, it can meet the emission standards. By 2003, it plans to reconstruct a semi-chemical wheat straw pulp production line with a daily output of 400-600 tons (200-300 t/d for each continuous steamer). The above-mentioned lignin precipitation and wet oxidation processes are currently undergoing pilot tests. In fact, the SAICA paper mill has so far failed to solve the problem of semi-chemical wheat straw waste liquid pollution.
In the past, some NSSC plants discharged pulp slurry into the river. Due to the presence of hemicellulose and acetate, the BOD content of the waste fluid was very high, causing serious pollution to the water body; some plants concentrated the waste fluid on the fluidized bed. Combustion gives a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium sulfide but cannot be used directly in NSSC mills. Another relatively mature method is cross recovery. When the semi-chemical pulp and the sulphate pulp plant are together, the former's waste can be sent to the sulphate pulp mill recovery system for recycling. The semi-chemical wheat straw black liquor has a high content of organic matter, and the calorific value is not a problem; the problem is that the semi-chemical pulp black liquor evaporates and when evaporating to a higher concentration, the black liquor has a great viscosity and thixotropy. In the past, the Paper Research Institute of the Ministry of Light Industry studied the black liquor performance of straw half-chemical pulp. The results showed that the black liquor viscosity of straw half-chemical pulp is much higher than that of chemical pulp black liquor, and the highest concentration that can be evaporated is also much lower, but It is proposed that increasing the residual black liquor can solve the problem of evaporation. However, there is still a lack of systematic research on the properties of wheat straw semi-chemical pulp black liquor, and the chemical recovery of wheat straw half chemical pulp is even more inexperienced. The use of wheat straw to produce semi-chemical pulp is an aspect of making full use of China's fiber resources. Government departments and industry should pay attention to and support the research and development of semi-chemical wheat straw waste liquid recovery and treatment process technology. 4 The development trend of corrugated paper The reduction of costs and the reduction in quantification are still the trends in the development of corrugated board. Based on the requirements of environmental protection and cost, the quantitative quantification of corrugated board, including boxboard and corrugated paper, must be reduced. The reason why the production of low-quantity cardboard is the market needs, followed by the progress of the aniline printing technology in recent years and the emergence of new corrugated types. The traditional corrugated type is A, C, B, and D. It is mainly used in cartons that require high strength. In recent years, new types of 楞-type E, F, and N have been designed. The main feature is that the corrugated height is much lower than that of traditional corrugated files. For low-volume corrugated paper. In the past, corrugated base paper was generally 127-140 g/m2, and production of 90-115 g/m2 has been started. It is estimated that even corrugated base paper 8 of 60-90 g/m2 will be produced in the future. Due to the quantitative reduction of the cardboard and corrugated base paper, the quantification of the entire corrugated board is also significantly reduced. In the past, generally 1000 to 1100 g/m2, and now a large quantitative amount of 600 g/m2, in some countries, the corrugated cardboard has a basis weight of only 500 g/m2, which highlights the high strength/weight characteristics of the corrugated carton. However, China's corrugated base paper is generally high-quantitative, and its strength can reach the national product standard A, and so on, so it has to import a considerable number of high-strength corrugated paper. Table 3 compares the horizontal ring pressure index of several kinds of corrugated base papers at home and abroad.
In North America, the consumption of corrugated material was significantly higher due to the higher basis weight of cardboard and corrugated paper used in the past. With the trend towards the use of low-quantitative and high-strength boxboard and corrugated base paper in recent years, plus some markets occupied by plastics, it is estimated that The consumption of corrugated materials in North America is nearly saturated, and its growth in recent years is estimated to be below 1%. In contrast, due to the rapid economic growth in Asia and the further development of the retail market, it is estimated that by 2005, the annual consumption of corrugated materials will increase by 4%3. 2 China corrugated paper demand forecast table 1 is the total paper and board consumption and corrugated material consumption in several countries and regions in 1998. 4 In the listed countries and regions, corrugated material consumption accounts for 26% of all paper and board consumption. 41%, most regions account for about 30%. From a global scale, the consumption of corrugated materials accounts for about one-third of all paper and board consumption. According to experts' forecast, the consumption of paper and paperboard in China will be about 50 million tons in 2005, and consumption of corrugated materials will be measured at 30%. By that time, the consumption of corrugated materials in China will be 15 million tons. Table 1 Consumption of corrugated materials and total paper and board consumption in several countries (regions) in 1998 (10,000 t)
Corrugated Materials Paper and Cardboard Corrugated Materials Consumption % China 956 3289 29 Japan 898 2998.9 30 South Korea 195.5 524.2 37 Taiwan 197.7 483.7 41 United States 2803.9 9095.3 31 Canada 189.7 730.6 26 France 321.3 1068.1 30 Worldwide ~10000 29852 33
From a macro-statistical perspective, the proportion of corrugated boardboard and corrugated paper in various countries (regions) varies, with 31.5% of corrugated paper in the United States, 39% in Japan, 30% in South Korea, and 38% in the United Kingdom, accounting for Taiwan in China. 41%, which is related to the structure of the corrugated board used in the area and the quantification of corrugated paper. The proportion of corrugated paper consumption in China is much higher than that of cardboard. In 1998, the proportion of corrugated paper consumption was much higher than that of cardboard. In 1998, consumption of corrugated board was 9.56 million tons, of which corrugated paper was 5.86 million tons, accounting for 61%. Contrary to the international proportion, this is largely due to the fact that the corrugated paper used in China is generally high-quantitative, and the amount of high-strength corrugated paper used in China is still too low. Taking into account the development of corrugated base papers in the direction of low quantitative and high strength, such as corrugated paper accounting for 45% of corrugated board, the consumption of corrugated base paper in China in 2005 will increase by 2.45 million tons compared with 1998.
In recent years, few domestic projects have been planned for the construction of new and expanded corrugated paper bases, and the newly increased production capacity is not large. Even if the projects currently planned to be launched on time are put into production, there will be at least 1 million tons of gaps by 2005. At the same time, the international market for corrugated paper is not sufficient, which may be related to the low added value of this product. In 1998, for example, the only major net exporters were Canada, Russia, South Korea, France, and Taiwan Province of China. Canada’s net exports are 470,000 tons, accounting for 43% of its total output; South Korea’s net exports are 158,000 tons, accounting for 21% of its output; China’s Taiwan Province and France’s net exports are 73,000 tons and 33,000 tons, respectively. In fact, paper-producing countries such as the United States and Japan actually import net corrugated paper every year. In 1998, the United States imported 127,000 tons, and Japan imported 24,000 tons. It seems that the demand for corrugated paper cannot rely too much on the international market. The gap in corrugated paper in China should be resolved by increasing domestic production capacity. 3 The main raw materials for imported corrugated paper, imported waste paper, domestic waste paper and wheat straw half-chemical pulp should be the main fiber raw materials for the development of corrugated paper in China. Internationally, semi-chemical hardwood pulp is widely used to produce corrugated paper. As early as 1925, NSSC pulp was used as raw material. In recent years, due to the emphasis on environmental protection, the use of OCC as raw materials has become increasingly common. West Asia and Europe corrugated materials waste paper consumption of up to 75%, Asian waste paper accounted for 71%, South Korea and Taiwan Province of China is to use waste paper as raw materials to produce cardboard and corrugated paper. In recent years, many production lines in China have used corrugated cardboard boxes (AOCC) as raw materials to produce corrugated materials. Although the cost of waste paper raw materials is lower than that of the original fiber, the research results show that the raw materials of the corrugated medium with NSSC as raw material have good stiffness, and have better running performance when the creping machine starts to pick up, and can maintain high values ​​under high humidity. With tensile stiffness and compressive strength, the manufactured corrugated boxes have better stiffness in wet conditions5.
In addition, the shortage of imported waste paper resources should also attract sufficient attention. In recent years, there has been little export of waste paper in Europe, and the export of waste paper in Hong Kong has also shown a downward trend. Table 2 shows the recovery and export of used corrugated boxes (AOCC) in the United States6. By 2001, only 396 million tons of AOCCs could be exported. The same article reported that in 1996, the OCC accounted for 39% of US exports of waste paper. Based on this calculation, the total amount of US waste paper exports in 2001 should be about 10.15 million tons. In 1996, the export flow of waste paper in the United States was 20% in Korea, 12% in China, 12% in Taiwan, 15% in Mexico, and 18% in Canada. For example, if the waste paper exported to China is still at the 12% level, all the US waste paper that China can import will be about 1.21 million tons. South Korea, China Taiwan, and Mexico are certainly the main competitors of imported AOCC, and China Taiwan imports 900,000 tons of OOCC from the island each year. It seems to be soberly estimated that the further development of corrugated materials cannot be excessively dependent on AOCC. Table 2 Recovery and Export Situation of Waste Corrugated Paper Containers (AOCC) in the US (10,000 t)
In 1997, 2001 recycled 1926 2223 for personal use 1638 1818 exports 306 396
On the contrary, in 1998, the domestic consumption of corrugated materials was 9.56 million tons, and the corrugated material recovery rate in the United States was 68.9%. If our recovery rate can reach 50%, the domestic waste corrugated box material can be recycled by nearly 5 million tons, which is very Considerable numbers. Although the quality of domestic OCC is not as good as that of AOCC, this part of raw materials should not be ignored in any case. The domestic OCC is still dominated by grass fibers. In the past, people were prejudiced against the recovery of waste paper from grass fibers. The results of the study showed that the quality of the paper can be improved to a certain extent during the recycling process. The agent should produce good quality corrugated paper.
Lack of timber resources in China, we should pay attention to the use of wheat straw half chemical pulp production of corrugated paper. The experience of producing the high-strength corrugated base paper by using the semi-chemical wheat straw mixed with a certain proportion of OCC in Spanish SAICA paper mill is worth learning from. The reason why the plant uses semi-chemical wheat straw pulp is that there is a shortage of European OCC supply, and the second is that wheat straw is relatively cheap. The factory uses self-developed continuous steaming equipment and processes to produce semi-chemical wheat straw pulp at a constant liquid-to-liquid ratio under atmospheric pressure, and mixes 50% to 75% of OCC to produce high-quality, high-strength corrugated base paper.
The quality of semi-chemical wheat straw pulp is not a problem. The problem is to solve the waste water treatment. The wheat straw half chemical pulp wastewater treatment has no successful experience. The above-mentioned Spanish SAICA paper mill began to mix Nissan's 300t straw liquor with the white water of the paper machine, and anaerobic fermentation was carried out in three 15,000m3 tanks. The biogas produced was sent to the boiler for power generation. Wastewater can be discharged after being subjected to aerobic treatment. In the mid-1980s, the local pollutant discharge standard was COD 10000mg/L, and the wastewater COD of the plant was 5700-7500mg/L, which could meet the discharge standards. Many articles were reported as successful waste water treatment; the discharge standard was set to 5000mg in the late 1980s. / L, factories can only use straw pulp production to meet the standard requirements. However, with the increasingly stringent control of local government's emission standards, the requirement for COD emissions was less than 500mg/L by 1998. Although the plant spent 2 million US dollars for two years of research, it did not find a good way to reach the standard, and finally had to temporarily Chemical wheat straw production line closed. According to Mr. Escudero at the TAPPI Paper Technology Seminar at the 99' China International Paper Exhibition in November 1999, they are developing new processes for lignin precipitation and wet oxidation, and believe that the waste liquid undergoes lignin precipitation and wet oxidation. After anaerobic-aerobic treatment, it can meet the emission standards. By 2003, it plans to reconstruct a semi-chemical wheat straw pulp production line with a daily output of 400-600 tons (200-300 t/d for each continuous steamer). The above-mentioned lignin precipitation and wet oxidation processes are currently undergoing pilot tests. In fact, the SAICA paper mill has so far failed to solve the problem of semi-chemical wheat straw waste liquid pollution.
In the past, some NSSC plants discharged pulp slurry into the river. Due to the presence of hemicellulose and acetate, the BOD content of the waste fluid was very high, causing serious pollution to the water body; some plants concentrated the waste fluid on the fluidized bed. Combustion gives a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium sulfide but cannot be used directly in NSSC mills. Another relatively mature method is cross recovery. When the semi-chemical pulp and the sulphate pulp plant are together, the former's waste can be sent to the sulphate pulp mill recovery system for recycling. The semi-chemical wheat straw black liquor has a high content of organic matter, and the calorific value is not a problem; the problem is that the semi-chemical pulp black liquor evaporates and when evaporating to a higher concentration, the black liquor has a great viscosity and thixotropy. In the past, the Paper Research Institute of the Ministry of Light Industry studied the black liquor performance of straw half-chemical pulp. The results showed that the black liquor viscosity of straw half-chemical pulp is much higher than that of chemical pulp black liquor, and the highest concentration that can be evaporated is also much lower, but It is proposed that increasing the residual black liquor can solve the problem of evaporation. However, there is still a lack of systematic research on the properties of wheat straw semi-chemical pulp black liquor, and the chemical recovery of wheat straw half chemical pulp is even more inexperienced. The use of wheat straw to produce semi-chemical pulp is an aspect of making full use of China's fiber resources. Government departments and industry should pay attention to and support the research and development of semi-chemical wheat straw waste liquid recovery and treatment process technology. 4 The development trend of corrugated paper The reduction of costs and the reduction in quantification are still the trends in the development of corrugated board. Based on the requirements of environmental protection and cost, the quantitative quantification of corrugated board, including boxboard and corrugated paper, must be reduced. The reason why the production of low-quantity cardboard is the market needs, followed by the progress of the aniline printing technology in recent years and the emergence of new corrugated types. The traditional corrugated type is A, C, B, and D. It is mainly used in cartons that require high strength. In recent years, new types of 楞-type E, F, and N have been designed. The main feature is that the corrugated height is much lower than that of traditional corrugated files. For low-volume corrugated paper. In the past, corrugated base paper was generally 127-140 g/m2, and production of 90-115 g/m2 has been started. It is estimated that even corrugated base paper 8 of 60-90 g/m2 will be produced in the future. Due to the quantitative reduction of the cardboard and corrugated base paper, the quantification of the entire corrugated board is also significantly reduced. In the past, generally 1000 to 1100 g/m2, and now a large quantitative amount of 600 g/m2, in some countries, the corrugated cardboard has a basis weight of only 500 g/m2, which highlights the high strength/weight characteristics of the corrugated carton. However, China's corrugated base paper is generally high-quantitative, and its strength can reach the national product standard A, and so on, so it has to import a considerable number of high-strength corrugated paper. Table 3 compares the horizontal ring pressure index of several kinds of corrugated base papers at home and abroad.
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