Ultrasound has a significant impact on cells, primarily through three mechanisms: thermal effects, cavitation effects, and mechanical effects. The thermal effect occurs when ultrasound waves travel through a medium, causing molecular vibrations that are hindered by friction, converting some of the energy into localized heat. This temperature typically rises to 42–43°C. Since normal tissue can withstand temperatures up to 45.7°C, while tumor cells are more sensitive, this temperature range disrupts the metabolism of cancer cells, affecting DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, ultimately leading to their death without harming healthy tissues.
An ultrasonic cell pulverizer consists of two main components: an ultrasonic generator and a transducer. The generator converts standard electrical power into an alternating current at 18–21 kHz, which is then used to drive the transducer. The core of the transducer is a zirconium titanate piezoelectric vibrator, which undergoes elastic deformation under the alternating voltage, generating longitudinal mechanical vibrations. These vibrations are transmitted through a titanium alloy horn immersed in a biological solution, creating a cavitation effect. This causes violent movement of biological particles in the medium, enhancing the breakdown of cellular structures.
As ultrasound propagates, it generates radiation pressure along its direction, exerting a strong destructive force on materials. This pressure can deform cell tissues and denature plant proteins. It also imparts different accelerations to the medium and suspended particles, with medium molecules moving much faster than those in the suspension. This difference in velocity leads to friction between the two, which helps break down biomolecules and allows active compounds from the cell walls to dissolve more efficiently into the solvent.
The cavitation effect arises from microbubbles present in the medium, which vibrate under the influence of ultrasound. When the sound pressure reaches a critical level, these bubbles grow due to directed diffusion and eventually collapse suddenly, creating high-pressure shock waves. This process, known as cavitation, can rupture cell walls and entire organisms in an instant, facilitating the release of active ingredients. In addition, the thermal effect of ultrasound, similar to other forms of wave propagation, involves the transfer and dissipation of acoustic energy. As the ultrasound travels through the medium, the energy is absorbed by the particles, often converting into heat. This increase in temperature enhances the dissolution rate of active pharmaceutical components, making the extraction process more efficient.
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