Smart IC card applications have now penetrated into many applications such as banking, telecommunications, medical insurance, intelligent transportation, industrial and commercial taxation, public utilities, fueling, tobacco, and micropayment. Among them, urban rail transit and micropayments are more and more widely used in smart IC cards, providing passengers with fast and convenient and high-quality services. Therefore, the technical research and application of smart IC cards in urban rail transit and micropayments are also Become an inevitable trend.
First, the profile of smart IC card application in various fields
At present, smart IC cards are widely used in data storage, micropayment, electronic wallet, identity authentication, mobile communication and other fields, especially identity authentication. China's identity card system has been changed to smart IC card system, and some countries have mature applications. Passport system. In recent years, for the security of data, bank cards are gradually implementing EMV migration, that is, turning to financial intelligence IC cards. For this reason, Visa and Master have set corresponding application standards, and the People's Bank of China has also established a special application for financial intelligence. The PBOC 2.0 standard for IC cards. On the basis of PBOC 2.0, other application industries have also set some industry standards, such as the medical insurance smart IC card standard of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security, the fuel card standard of PetroChina, and the construction business integrated circuit (IC) card application of the Ministry of Construction. Technical standards, etc. These industry standards are already in practical use. Although they have not yet formed mandatory standards, they will be used for reference by the industries involved. In addition, smart card is gradually being used, such as telephone cards and SIM cards in the telecommunications industry, hydropower and gas payment in public utilities, information management within government departments and organizations, and application of electronic wallets. As a fast-growing segment, contact or contactless CPU cards have been in use for two or three years, and chip-based credit cards have enhanced transaction security, and the development of dual-interface or contactless cards has created a whole new Exciting business model. Although the market potential is very attractive, the key to true success is to properly regulate and clarify the distribution of the interests of the issuer, the bank and the merchant, so that the user ultimately benefits. Security, once again, has become a major consideration, especially as bank cards carry third-party applications. It is not difficult to imagine that only one highly secure and certified CPU platform is the most suitable for this market, and an open card operating system is needed to support the cooperation between banks and transportation operators, and enjoy a small amount of money for a longer period of time. Pay the benefits that the app brings to each other.
Mobile payment is a future development direction in AFC intelligent public transportation. For example, in Japan, two years ago people used mobile phones to pay for train tickets. The same multi-applications also brought telecommunications into the field of intelligent public transportation. Major telecom providers around the world, such as handset manufacturers and SIM card technology providers, have invested heavily in mobile payments. NFC solutions based on SWP-single communication protocol, and dual-interface SIM cards specially designed for antennas using existing dual interface technology are possible technology platforms for users, and telecom and transportation operators are actively promoting This market.
1. Application of smart IC card in urban public facilities
Transportation operators around the world have paid attention to the convenience of contactless CPU cards, such as low maintenance costs, higher processing power, advertising revenue, and so on. Contactless CPU cards are not a new technology for tickets/cards. Many countries in North America, South America, Europe and Asia Pacific have applied contactless CPU cards to the Automatic Ticket Inspection System (AFC). The Mifare card as a medium, this basic transportation solution has been through a decade of history, but it is still a practical and effective micropayment technology solution. In recent years, many transportation systems have become more complicated and versatile, increasing the cooperation between the network and operators in the station, the connection between the bus station and the parking lot, and the small payment has also brought new profit points. At the same time, it needs to be combined with personal identification and so on. These applications have put forward the convenience and security requirements of smart card technology to meet the growing demand for micropayment services.
In China, the application of smart cards is a topic that people often discuss. Not only that, but also benefit from the safe microprocessor platform, many cities have begun to implement a card, such as traffic plus social security card, city card, micropayment, can be used for transportation. There are many modes of transportation, such as rental, ferry, train and subway/light rail. At the same time, thanks to the advanced card operating system, card issuers can more easily obtain cooperative benefits from cross-industry applications.
The application of smart IC cards in urban public transport systems is the most widely used except ID card system. From the earliest bus stored value cards to the late city card, it is almost a man. Due to the widespread use of bus stored value cards, the rapid development of contactless card technology has also been promoted. The continuous updating of intelligent contactless technology and the promotion of public transportation system technology can be said to be indispensable. Coupled with the development of urban rail transit in recent years, the single-pass ticket application for the automatic ticket inspection AFC system is gradually being rolled out in various cities. It is believed that in the next few years, the city bus system smart IC card and its application will be a very popular topic, which have created conditions for the application of smart IC cards in urban public facilities.
2. Application and development trend of smart IC card in subway automatic ticket checking system
The Metro Automatic Ticket Checking System (AFC) is a window to show the image of the subway. It is an important means for the subway to realize a reasonable metering and counting system. It is an important part of the modern operation management of the subway. The ticket is not only a certificate for the ride, but also a carrier for important information on the operation and management of the subway. Subway tickets are divided according to the number of rides, and there are single-way tickets and multi-way stored value tickets. At present, the program of stored value tickets has been gradually replaced by traditional magnetic cards by non-contact smart IC cards. According to the different integrated circuits embedded in the smart IC card, it can be divided into three categories: a memory card, a logical encryption card, and a CPU card. At present, the non-contact smart IC card is the preferred solution for the national subway stored value ticket. In the automatic ticket checking system (AFC) of Hong Kong, South Korea, Shanghai and Nanjing Metro, the non-contact smart IC card is selected.
The logical encryption card is an intermediate transition product between the memory card and the CPU card. It uses a specific logical function relationship to prevent unauthorized persons from reading or modifying the data. The encryption method of the card is realized by the circuit in the chip design process. Once the chip is manufactured, its encryption form is fixed and it is not easy to modify it. In the public transportation system, as a small amount of stored value card, the application is very wide, and its non-contact representative chip is the Mifare1 of philips. However, in subway applications, with the development of non-contact technology, the cost of CPU cards has been greatly reduced. There are few subway projects that use logical encryption cards as stored value cards. Therefore, the application of ordinary logic encryption cards in AFC systems has basically disappeared. .
The contactless CPU card is mainly used in the stored value card system. It protects and manages the data through the built-in central processor. The built-in chip operating system COS allows the publisher to easily modify the file system and encryption algorithms. Etc. These are not possible with a logical encryption card. Because the value of the stored value card is relatively high, the characteristics of its financial smart IC card are already obvious, and it conforms to the usage rules of electronic wallet and micropayment. Therefore, in the application of metro AFC system, it is generally considered to choose the non-PBOC2.0. The contact CPU card acts as a stored value card. In some places, with reference to the standards of the Ministry of Construction, some of the industry's special requirements are imposed on a small number of operating instructions for the card COS. However, because the standards of the Ministry of Construction itself have not been publicly promulgated, there are several subway projects in various places, and some systems have been in operation for several years. Therefore, the standards of the Ministry of Construction are only for reference and have not been implemented. Security is the key word for contactless CPU cards, not just the cash security stored in the card, but new applications such as identity authentication and micropayments require protection of personal information. The security of the contactless memory cards that are currently in large use is highly concerned, and operators are trying their best to add security measures to the transaction process and data storage. But the real ability to remove these hidden dangers and enhance the public's confidence in the operator's security management is to adopt a more powerful and stable security controller (CPU) platform.
Between the CPU card and the logical encryption card function, there is also a quasi-CPU card that satisfies the basic functions of the CPU card, with an algorithm and a simple operating system. The data transmission is also through two-way authentication, but its operating system has been solidified. Inside the chip, upgrades are not possible and do not meet PBOC 2.0 standards. This kind of card is called a quasi-CPU card, such as Philips Desfire and other chips. Because of the rapid development of contactless CPU cards and the establishment of corresponding standards, it is still a recent matter. In the early days of subway and micropayment applications, many cities chose quasi-CPU cards.
Second, the security technology of smart IC card
Intelligent IC card (Integrated Circuit Card) is also called integrated circuit card or smart card (Smart Card). The chip for smart IC card is an integrated circuit chip. Its security is the basis of the security of smart IC card. Provide comprehensive security measures. In general, the attack on the chip for smart IC card mainly includes the following: scanning the internal logic of the memory or the chip through an electron microscope, directly performing the analysis and reading; reading the memory content through the test probe; directly through the interface obtained from the outside Data access to the memory or processor; reactivation of the test function of the chip for the smart IC card.
In order to prevent attacks on chips for IC cards, the security of smart IC cards consists of three different levels of security protection: one is the physical security technology of the chip; the second is the security technology of card manufacturing; the third is the communication security technology of the card. These three aspects together form the card's security system, ensuring the security of the card from production to use. The following is an analysis of the internal structure of the smart IC card to further explain how the security of the smart IC card is implemented.
1. The internal basic structure of the smart IC card and the functions of each component
The internal structure of the smart IC card mainly depends on the chip structure. The structure of the smart IC card is slightly different depending on the type of card. Other types of cards are reduced according to their classification. The EEPROM area is equivalent to the hard disk space on the PC, and is the data area of ​​the card COS and the application. The EEPROM is an electrical erase memory and the basic operations include erase, read and write.
2. Security analysis and security mechanism of smart IC card
The security system of the smart IC card is the core module of the smart IC card, and the high-level security protection is also the basis for the widespread use of the smart IC card. The security of the smart IC card refers to the security control capability of accessing data objects in the card. The security mechanism generally refers to all the elements related to security in the smart IC card. The set of security mechanisms required for the secure operation and security information transmission of the smart IC card is the overall security environment of the smart IC card. The security environment specifies the encryption algorithm to be executed in the command when operating the smart IC card, the type of operation performed, the key used, and other additional data needed in the security mechanism. In other words, the security environment determines the security level of the card itself, and these are related to the subsequent operational instructions of the card and the application definition of the card itself. The security of smart IC cards can be achieved by selecting chips with different security features and different chip operating systems (COS).
As for the different security of the logical encryption card and the CPU card, depending on the different structural mechanisms of the two cards themselves, the difference is obvious. The security comparison between the CPU cards requires specific card analysis, and the encryption algorithm to be executed by the card itself, the type of operation performed, the key used, and other additional data required in the security mechanism. Association.
At present, only smart magnetic strip cards can be used for comparison with smart IC cards. The magnetic stripe card can be copied one-to-one, and its security is mainly guaranteed by a huge back-end system. The smart IC card starts with the logical encryption card and has its own control logic. It needs to check the password before accessing the storage area. At least one-way authentication is required; to a more secure CPU card, the algorithm unit and the operating system need to be almost impossible to crack the two-way authentication, and the security and the application security of the magnetic stripe card are not comparable.
Third, the application of smart IC card in the subway automatic ticket checking system
The use of secure microprocessors (CPUs) in AFC intelligent transportation is growing steadily worldwide. In many European countries, cards that comply with the CALYPSO standard have been used for a long time. South Korea’s “T-Moneyâ€, a contactless CPU card that pays for transportation and micropayments, has issued more than 20 million copies in Seoul. In China, Dalian, Suzhou and Shenzhen have taken the lead in using non-contact CPU cards for small payments. Singapore has introduced a new version of the "EZLink" card for micropayments, which is also based on a secure microprocessor platform. Now we take the current status and future development trend of the automatic ticket inspection system of Nanjing Metro as an example of analysis.
1. Types and realization functions of smart IC cards in the automatic ticket checking system of Nanjing Metro
The application of intelligent IC card in the automatic ticket checking system of Nanjing Metro is mainly divided into one-way ticket and square card:
(1) The one-way ticket for the Nanjing Metro automatic ticket checking system is Ultralight Token, which is mainly used for ordinary one-way tickets, outbound tickets and commemorative one-way tickets. For one-way tickets and outbound tickets, it can be recycled in the station, and can be recycled to the central coding system for re-encoding and sorting. The commemorative one-way ticket will not be recycled except for the one-way ticket. Station, has a certain collection value.
(2) The square card of the Nanjing Metro automatic ticket checking system uses the Mifare DesFire card and the Mifare Standard 1K card, which is mainly used for the Nanjing Metro special stored value card, including the counting card, stored value card, commemorative card, employee ticket and Nanjing. A card for the issuance of a card issued by the utility smart IC card company. The credit card is deducted according to the number of rides, and can be recharged on the semi-automatic ticket vending machine after use; the stored value card is deducted according to the mileage set by the system according to the mileage of the ride, and can be carried out on the semi-automatic ticket vending machine. Recharge; the commemorative card contains two types of counting and stored value. In addition to the functions of counting and stored value cards, it has a certain collection value, and can not be recharged after use; employee tickets are mainly used for internal employees of the subway. Cars, equipment maintenance and operation; the card is mainly issued by the Nanjing Public Utilities Intelligent IC Card Company. The function is the same as that of the subway-dedicated stored-value card, and it can take various public transportation such as public transportation except the subway. , ferry, etc.
2. The processing of various ticket cards in the automatic ticket checking system of Nanjing Metro
The ticket processing process in the Nanjing Metro automatic ticket checking system is roughly divided into two types, one is the one-way ticket processing flow, and the other is the processing process of the square card. The processing procedure for the party card includes card initialization, sale, pit stop, outbound, ticket card analysis adjustment, ticket card adjustment, and the outbound ticket is issued according to the ticketing regulations, the outbound ticket is outbound, the ticket card is reported to be lost, and the ticket card is unlocked. Since the one-card ticket card is a ticket issued by Nanjing Public Utilities Intelligent IC Card Company, its processing flow is managed by the ticket card issued by Nanjing Public Utilities Intelligent IC Card Company, and will not be described here.
One-way ticket processing flow: initialization (encoding) - automatic ticketing (receipt, background recording data) - entry (ticket, background record data) - start (recover ticket card, ticket card record part of the data and clear Record of entry, record data in the background) - clearing - recycling
3. Problems that need to be solved in the application of intelligent IC card in the automatic ticket checking system of Nanjing Metro
As the earliest smart IC card automatic ticket checking system in China, the Nanjing Metro has been in operation for more than three years. Over time, the flow of subway traffic has increased and the use of equipment has become more frequent. Compared with the more precise requirements of the smart IC card system for devices, the aging problem of a small number of reading and writing tools is also considered. At the same time, after such a long period of operation, the repeated use of ticket cards has made the life cycle of some smart IC cards fast, and how to analyze these ticket cards through effective methods and means has become a key issue.
On the other hand, due to the lack of experience in the initial construction of the AFC system of Nanjing Metro Line 1, the IC card readers used included the vendor-specific encryption chip, and the external dimensions were not standard. The standard IC card reader was considered in the latter stage. It will also be an important technical solution to replace the existing IC card reader.
4. Development trend of smart IC card application in Nanjing Metro automatic ticket checking system
Based on the existing usage of the smart IC card in the automatic ticket checking system of Nanjing Metro, according to the passenger flow situation and marketing situation, more ticket types will be issued and the contactless CPU card will be gradually used to realize more functions. To meet the needs of passengers and Nanjing Metro Company; at the same time, to ensure the normal use of the one-card ticket in the subway, to achieve a seamless connection between the public payment, ferry and other small payment system, more convenient for Nanjing citizens to travel, one-way ticket non-contact The use of smart IC card technology can better meet the convenience of passengers in the field. All of these require that the intelligent IC card in the Nanjing Metro system develops into a certain trend toward the combination of multiple ticket types and multiple billing methods. It is believed that the universal application of smart IC card micropayment is more conducive to improving the service quality of Nanjing Metro.
Conclusion
Intelligent IC card industry application system construction is a complex system engineering. Building a smart IC card industry application system with advanced technology, practicability, operability, high security and moderate construction cost is needed in various industries and fields. In order to study the interests and convenience of the general public, the standardization of this application is becoming more and more important. The ultimate goal should be one-card multi-use. One-card multi-use is not only common in one industry or field, but more worthy of our research. The versatility in multiple industries and fields, because this application provides convenience to the people, saves the overall investment in smart IC card system engineering and enhances the versatility and manageability of the entire system.
The open standard specification makes the development prospect of multi-application expansion in the intelligent transportation field bright, and for operators, an open standard or specification is an indispensable condition to support this development. The early neglect of standards was because contactless CPU cards were a new technology for operators. With a deeper understanding of this technology, operators are beginning to develop their own application specifications to support interoperability, multi-applications and other AFC needs.
This open standard also gives competing suppliers the same opportunity to verify the quality and usability of their cards. With reference to this specification, operators can choose a relatively low-cost and high-performance contactless CPU card supplier. Conversely, if there is no corresponding standard, operators can only adapt to existing technologies and standards, which makes it easy to choose from a smaller range. The development of the AFC Intelligent Transportation Card Specification is not an easy task, especially if it is compatible with existing magnetic stripe cards or Mifare cards, while at the same time bringing new technologies that are safer and more efficient. The challenge is not only anti-counterfeiting, but also more powerful processing capabilities to meet future needs. Such as micropayments and identity authentication. Because the relationship between the issuer, the operator and the merchant becomes more compact and complex, the required security and intelligence are correspondingly increased, and the data processing of the back-end system is more complicated. At the same time, AFC, retail business, and government fiscal policy are required. And the clearing center can be coordinated to ensure the safety and accuracy of micropayment transactions.
On the system side, operators and card issuers are also facing the upgrade and update of the original IC card readers and tools. Some applications require appropriate or special IC card reader tools, which undoubtedly increase the cost of CPU card migration, and also limit the expansion and security of the application. Therefore, operators and card issuers hope to have an open infrastructure to minimize the cost of migration.
In summary, we believe that intelligent transportation participants have seen the need for high-security and interoperable contactless CPU cards, whether it is a single transportation card or a multi-application card, which is for operators and card issuers. The benefits are unlimited, and it is also a guarantee for providing users with better and more convenient micropayment services.
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