â— Wear clothes loosely and layer them. Too tight clothing and footwear can limit blood circulation, make frostbite more likely to occur, and at the same time reduce the amount of air between clothing and clothing, thereby reducing the effectiveness of its insulation. Wearing a few thinner pieces of clothing is better than wearing only a piece of clothing of the same thickness because there is a non-flowing layer of air between clothing and clothing. These layers of air can insulate and insulate. At the same time it is also easy to take off and wear, heat immediately to take off one, prevent excessive sweating, cold immediately add one, increase the temperature.
â— Avoid excessive heat. If the heat is too high, you will sweat, clothes will absorb sweat, which will affect your body temperature in two ways: humidity reduces the thermal insulation performance of clothing; the cooling effect caused by perspiration evaporation will reduce body temperature. To adjust the thickness of the clothes so that they do not sweat. You can partially open coats or jackets, or take off a layer of clothes inside, or take off your gloves, or remove the coat hat or reduce the head of the package and so on. When the heat is too high, the head and hands are very effective heat sinks.
â— Keep clothes dry. In cold climates, the clothes inside you will get wet due to sweating. If the outside clothes are not waterproof, the snow cream sticking to them will be melted by the body temperature and will also wet the clothes. If anything, wear waterproof clothing outside. It can prevent most snow melt water. Before entering the hot shelter, brush off snow and frost from your body. No matter what precautions you take, you will always get wet. At this time, drying clothes will become a major problem. While traveling, place wet gloves and socks on the parcel. At freezing temperatures, sometimes wind and sunlight blow dry and dry clothes. Or you can put gloves and socks close together, do not fold, your body temperature will dry them. In the camp, wet clothes can be hung on the top of the tent with a hanging rope or temporary shelf. You can also give birth to a pile of fire so that you can dry every piece of clothing. Dry leather clothing slower, do not worry too much. If there is no other way to dry your boots, place them between the outer layer of the sleeping bag and the lining. Your body temperature will help dry them.
â— Keep clothes clean. This is important from the point of view of hygiene and comfort, and it is equally important from the perspective of warmth in the winter. Clothes with dust and grease can greatly reduce their thermal insulation. If the air layer between the clothes is squeezed or filled, the body's heat will be more easily lost.
A thick down sleeping bag is the most useful survival tool in cold climates. Be sure to keep down and dry. If it is wet, its thermal insulation performance will be greatly reduced. If you don't have a sleeping bag, you can make one yourself. Prepare a parachute cloth or similar material to find some natural dry materials such as leaves, pine needles or moss, and place the dried material between two layers of parachute cloth so that a sleeping bag can be made.
Other important survival items include: a knife, a waterproof match placed in a waterproof container, preferably with a Flintstone, a durable compass, maps, watches, moisture-proof cloth, flashlights, telescopes, sunglasses, and more Fatty foods, food collection tools, and signal devices. (See Chapter 2 for information on survival equipment.)
Shelter
The equipment you carry and the environment in which you operate determine the type of shelter you need to build.
Note: In extremely cold weather, do not use metal - such as the aircraft fuselage - to take shelter. Metals will export a little bit of heat that you generate out of the way.
The tree-hole shelters described in Chapter 8 may be the easiest shelters to avoid, and in some cases, tree-hole shelters are also the most effective. Figures 15-4, 15-5, and 15-6 are other shelters that you can build. Which ones you use depends on your tools and materials.
Ice and snow shelters often require tools such as ice axes or ice saws, and require a lot of time and effort.
If you plan to make fire in a shelter, be sure to leave a vent.
Be sure that there is no snow or other obstructions at the entrance to the shelter. They may prevent you from quickly leaving the shelter when necessary.
Remember to extinguish the stove or lamp before going to bed. Carbon monoxide is very dangerous. It is colorless and odorless. It is produced by yellow flames. Therefore, if you see yellow flames, check the ventilation.
Fires in unventilated shelters can cause carbon monoxide poisoning. Even in ventilated shelters, incomplete combustion can cause carbon monoxide poisoning. Carbon monoxide poisoning is usually asymptomatic and you can unconsciously coma and die. However, it can sometimes be accompanied by the following symptoms: feeling pressure on the temples, feeling burning on the eyes, headaches, violent beats, drowsiness, or nausea. Once you find any of the above symptoms, you should rush to the outside and breathe fresh air.
fire
Fire is particularly important in cold weather. It can not only cook food, but it can also warm up. It can also melt snow and ice to get water.
Use the methods described in Chapter 9 to make a fire, but if you are in an enemy area, remember that the smoke, odors, and flares of the fire may reveal your whereabouts, and the indirect fire reflected by surrounding trees and rocks is also a danger. In cold, windless weather, the smoke rises upright and becomes apparent during the day like a bonfire, but it can help cover up odors at night. In warmer weather, especially in areas where there is a lot of wood, smoke is often close to the ground and it is not easily found during the day, but it spreads quickly.
If you are in an enemy area, you should cut down those branches that grow lower for firewood and do not cut down the entire tree. Trees that fell to the ground are easily found in the air.
All the trees can be burned, but some trees emit more smoke when they burn. For example, coniferous trees contain resins and tar, and when they burn, they emit more concentrated, darker smoke.
There are basically no materials in the polar alpine area that can be used for firewood. You may find some grass and moss, but very few. The lower the altitude, the more fuel wood available. Above the tree line, you may find some shrubs and dwarf spruce.
Within the tree line, fuelwood is very rich:
Spruce is very common in inland areas. Spruce is a coniferous tree that emits a lot of smoke when it burns in spring and summer, but in late autumn and winter, spruce burns almost without smoke.
American larch is also a coniferous tree. It is the only fallen deciduous tree in the pine family. It looks like a dead spruce but it has a lot of gills on its bare branches. Buds and pine nuts. When it burns, it releases a lot of smoke, so it is a good signal method.
Birch trees are deciduous trees that burn very quickly and the fire is fierce, just like oil or gasoline. Most birch trees grow on the banks of a river or lake, but birch trees are occasionally found in the higher areas far from the water.
Polar willows and eucalyptus usually grow near wetlands or lakes and streams. The trees burned fast and fiercely, without much smoke.
Dry mosses, grasses, and shrubs are other materials that can be used as fuel wood. There are often many streams along the tundra (open, plains without trees). Bundle or twist bundles of grass or other dwarf plants so that they burn more slowly and provide more calories.
If the abandoned car or the crashed aircraft has fuel or fuel, you can use it. Store these fuels in the tank and take them out only when needed. In cold weather, fuel will freeze, so if there is no danger of explosion, they must be removed from the vehicle or aircraft before they are frozen. If there is no container loaded, let fuel flow in snow or ice and dig out when needed.
WARNING: In extremely low temperatures, do not allow exposed skin to come in contact with petroleum petrol, oil oil, or lubricants (POL). Their liquid state is deceptive because they can cause frostbite.
Some plastic spoons, protective caps, protective caps, and foam rubbers are easily spotted by a burning match and can burn for enough time to help the fire. For example, a plastic spoon can burn for ten minutes.
In cold regions, there are dangers in using the fire whether it is heating or cooking.
When the fire burns, it unknowingly erodes the surface of the surrounding objects, so don't get too close to the fire during the fire. In snow shelters, too much heat will melt the insulation layer of snow and ice.
If there is insufficient ventilation in the shelter, the fire can cause carbon monoxide poisoning.
When you warm or dry clothes, you may burn or scorch clothes and equipment if you accidentally do so.
For an escaper, a large fire in the palm of your hand is ideal. It requires very little fuel, but it generates considerable heat, and it is hot enough to heat the liquid.
In a closed shelter, a candle can also generate enough heat.
If you want to cook, a small fire and a stove will suffice. In the polar regions, Wanderer stoves are particularly suitable. It is easy to make such a stove with a tin can box, and it is also possible to preserve the fuel.
A simple hanger, supported on a forked branch, can also be used to cook rice, suspending it on top of the fire.
A pile of hot coal is the best way to cook. The coal produced by the cross fired firewood can evenly release heat.
water
In the polar regions, there are many ways to get water. Your location and the season at the time determine where you should get water and how to get water.
Due to climate and environmental factors, the water in the polar regions is much healthier than the water in other regions. However, before drinking water, you should still purify the water (see Chapter 5).
In summer, the best sources of water are freshwater lakes, streams, ponds, rivers, and springs. The water in the pond or lake may be slightly dirty, but it can still be used. The flowing water in the creeks, rivers and bubbling springs are usually clean and drinkable.
Made of high quality food grade stainless steel, environmental, reusable and easy to clean. The spatula has different size and design for choose. Ergonomic design for your customer.There are many style for choose, such as slotted spatula with bottle open, stainless steel bbq grill spatula with LED light, bbq stainless steel turner with serrated edge and more.Certainly ,customized is accepted!
BBQ Grill Slotted Spatula, BBQ Grill Turner, Stainless Steel Spatula, Metal Turner, Spatula With Wood Handle
MEO DEMO CO., LTD. , https://www.meokitchentools.com