"temperament" refers to the comprehensive quality of human physiology, psychology, etc. The ancients also used the temperament of the literati's style, the poetry and painting of the clear and generous style. The temperament of my speech-style furniture is to reveal her connotation or soul through her technical surface. This is the power of Ming-style furniture in the world art treasure house.
When we browsed the treasures of the motherland----the treasure house of Ming-style furniture, in front of a hand-made piece of work, looking at the simple shape, straight lines, beautiful and elegant body and natural wood texture When you are pure and beautiful, you will be amazed by the floating fragrance. It is a fascinating charm that will keep you connected. The simplicity is dignified and elegant; it is soaked in the clear and beautiful Yan Xiu, a force that attracts you tightly, this power is her profound and profound connotation, temperament - literati temperament.
The literati temperament of Ming style furniture is the soul of Ming style furniture. The reason why Ming style furniture is called "Ming style" is why it has been the focus of independent research by Chinese and foreign experts.
The formation of Ming style furniture has its unique social background, geographical conditions, and the result of a large group of literati participation. This is not to deny the wisdom of artisans. The achievements of Ming style furniture cannot be separated from the exquisite craftsmanship of Ming Dynasty craftsmen. The achievement of Ming style furniture is undoubtedly the combination of literati wisdom and craftsmanship. But when we study the aesthetic value of Ming style furniture today, we can't deny that its dominant factor is not skill, but her style connotation, inner charm. Or temperament.
The literati temperament of Ming style furniture is inseparable from the social environment and cultural environment at that time. According to the social environment, Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang ended the melee of the Mongolian and Chinese landlords at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and established a unified regime in 1368. In the future, a series of policies conducive to economic development were adopted. In agriculture, land reclamation, poldering, and restoration of agricultural production were carried out. In the early Ming Dynasty, the hand-made slaves of the Yuan Dynasty were released as good people, so that they could operate independently, and the industrial craftsmen of the opponents practiced sitting. Craftsmen come to Beijing for royal production, serve for ten days a month) and shifts (three-months of artisans come to Beijing every three years), and craftsmen have a little personal freedom of business. This has greatly promoted the development of the industrial and commercial and handicraft industries at that time. The prosperity of the city economy and the development of overseas trade (the world-famous Zheng He seven voyages to the Western Ocean) have driven a large number of Chinese people to travel across the ocean to the South Sea to make a living. They brought Chinese silk, porcelain, ironware, etc. to the South Sea, in exchange for local rice, herbs and wood. These Nanyang woods also played an important role in the development of Ming style furniture. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the handicraft industry and business were extremely developed, the original cities were more prosperous, and new cities were booming. In addition to the royal family, the wealthy businessmen in the city also rushed to build private houses and gardens. It is conceivable that the furniture industry will also emerge and thrive. This political stability and the development of industry and commerce, handicrafts and overseas trade have provided favorable social conditions for the formation of Ming style furniture style.
In the Ming Dynasty, a series of new policies were adopted in cultural education. In order to strengthen the rule, a new school and imperial examination system was established in the early Ming Dynasty. The capitalist set up the state governor, and the local government and county school. The scholars pass the examinations, from the scholars, the people, the tributes, until the passers-by are judged as Jinshi, and they can be appointed as official bureaucrats. The new imperial examination system has promoted a large number of literati enthusiasts to the "Four Books" and "Five Classics", and strived to show their talents in the day. Therefore, a large number of cultural celebrities appeared in the Ming Dynasty, especially in Suzhou. What is "Wuzhong Four Jie" and "Wu Zhongsi" The sons of "Ming 4" and so on, Nanjing, Suzhou and other places in Jiangnan have become the center of the Ming Dynasty economy and culture.
It can be seen from the literati, essays, poems and paintings that have been circulated in the present, that the Ming literati are keen on the study of furniture and personally involved in furniture designers. This is beyond the reach of history. They have left a lot of written records on the furniture, size, materials, crafts, decoration and aesthetic standards of furniture. There are also Ming Dynasty literati and painters who design their own furniture and paint them for the rest of the world. In the Ming Dynasty, the literati wrote about furniture. There are many people, and the wide range of issues involved, can not be compared with any dynasty. This is the cultural factor formed by the style of Ming style furniture, and it is also the origin of the literati style of Ming style furniture.
The literati temperament of Ming style furniture is discussed from the following four aspects:
First, the influence of literati's aesthetic taste on furniture
Many scholars, opera artists, poets, painters, collectors, connoisseurs and other cultural people in the Ming Dynasty have a lot of articles about furniture, such as: Cao Mingzhong has "Ge Gu Yao", Wen Zhenheng has "long "Qizhi", Gao Biao has "Zunsheng Gossip", Tu Long has "The Rest of the Test" and "The Appreciation of the Plays", Gu Yingtai has "The Museum of History", Wang Hao and Wang Siyi have "Three Talents" Pictured, Ge Wei has "Butterfly Map" and so on. These above-mentioned articles about furniture are not aimed at studying the size and shape of furniture. They are very different from the standpoint of Lu Jingjing. Instead, focus on the style and aesthetics of furniture. Emphasize "Ya", promote and promote the "quaint style" of furniture. Specifically speaking, it is the two main standards of "quasi" and "fine".
"Quaintness" is the simple style of advocating ancient ancestors, pursuing the simplicity of nature itself. For example, "Yangwuzhi" said that the square table said: "We must take the most square and simple, sit on a dozen people for the exhibition to play calligraphy and painting." In the discussion of the couch, he said: "The ancients made several couches, although the length Wide and narrow, set the room, will be quaint and lovely.... Today's people make, sculpt and sculpt, to the eyes, and the ancient system is sighing.
In terms of furniture materials, natural beauty that promotes wood texture is also common. For example, "Ge Gu Yao Li" said: "Red sandalwood, strong, crab claws ...." "Rosewood ... also has a pattern, into the landscape of birds and beasts........" "The Museum of History" There are "fragrant nanmu, micro-purple and delicate scent, the golden silk is out of the mountains, the wood grain has gold silk, the bright and lovely to the bright vision, the Nanmu to the beauty, the sun or the knot of the adult landscape." As can be seen from the above citations, in the social public opinion at that time, the aesthetic requirements for furniture were “quaintâ€, “quaintâ€, “qiguâ€, “ancient systemâ€, etc. This is the typical expression of the literati's pursuit of the elegance of the ancients. . This aesthetic point of view can also be confirmed from the Ming Dynasty furniture treasures. We look at the existing Ming style furniture treasures, whether it is a table chair or a cabinet bed, which is prominently presented as a succinct style, not decorated for decoration, fully showing the natural beauty of the wood itself. The formation of these characteristics is directly related to the literati's advocating "quasi" and "quaint" aesthetics. It can also be said that the simple and simple style of Ming style furniture is infiltrated with the aesthetic taste of Ming Dynasty literati.
“Juli†is the fineness of the furniture work and the beauty of the body. This is also seen everywhere in the Ming Dynasty. "Long Story" said: "The screen system is the oldest, with marble inlaid, fine is expensive." "Bed, the Song Yuan broken grain small paint bed as the first, the second is the internal sleeping system And again, the author of the small wood out of the master can also be used ... and there are cypress wood as fine as bamboo, very fine, Yi Yige and Xiaozhai." "There are embroidered piers in the palace, shaped like a small drum, four corners fringed, It is also elegant and usable." These "fine" and "exquisite" requirements, we are from the straight line of the Ming style furniture and the beautiful body, as well as her strict structure that shows no ambiguity. Can be clearly seen. This "fine" contains the close combination of the exquisite craftsmanship of the Ming Dynasty furniture craftsmen and the aesthetic taste of the literati. When we carefully appreciate the treasures that the literati and the craftsmen made, they clearly smelled the sleek and delicate book. There is no shortage of literati's aesthetic appeal to Ming style furniture.
Second, the influence of the literati's good use on furniture
A large number of literati have told us that the literati's goodness and use have promoted the development of the variety and shape of furniture. These literati designed and advocated a large number of new and exquisite furniture for their special hobbies and special functional requirements, enriching the variety and shape of furniture. Such as:
"The number of people who are honored by the genius." ("长物志")
"The incense in the book room." ("Zunsheng Gossip")
"How to set up a smoker, a fragrant, a book". ("Zunsheng Gossip")
"Was the painting", "Into the Qingzhai" Fujidun. ("Zunsheng Gossip")
A stack of tables in which "the furnaces are scented and placed in vases for the sake of appreciation". ("A play aids")
In the discussion of the cabinet, "Yangwuzhi" said: "The bookcase must be able to accommodate thousands of volumes, the wider and more ancient." "Small cabinet... It is better to use bronze and jade small utensils." It is different in general. "Long Story" says that a few couches are "sitting on the bed, and it is all right, the title of Yan, the history of the exhibition, reading and calligraphy, Chen Dingzhen, Luo Cai nuclear, Shi pillow, He Shi can not" . In "Zunsheng Gossip", the "boring machine" compiled by Fujitake Bamboo emphasizes that it is not necessary to use too heavy plates. It should be suitable for the boy to lift, and the bed should be backed up. "If you are drunk, look down on the book and spend the time to enjoy the reward" . What a leisurely and comfortable, a full-fledged style of Ascot. In the "Examination of the Test", the bed made of wood and Xiangzhu is used. "Put in Gaozhai, you can take a nap, and the nightmare is like the wilderness in Xiaoxiang Dongting." The "two IKEA beds" in "Zunsheng Gossip" is even more unusual. It is not only designed to be used in both winter and summer, but also "four-time flower arrangement, people as flower partners, Qingfen full bed, and the god of lying is refreshing." This is how leisurely it is. There are also piano masters who have designed the piano and piano table that conform to the principle of resonance sound. "Yangwuzhi" said: "The ancient Guo Gong bricks made by Zhengzhou, Henan Province, have Fangsheng and elephant-like flowers on the top, to make the piano, take the air to make a sound... Sitting on the bed, the two hands are more sporty... "Guge's "The piano table, the desktop is best with Guo Gongzhu... I tasted Guo Gong turned gray and white, hollow, and there are elephant-like patterns on the surface.... This brick frame is decorated with a sound, and it is clear and cute."
It can be seen from the above that these literati, who are used by the love of antiques and the use of the chess and calligraphy, have made in-depth research on the variety, structure, materials and special functions of the furniture, no wonder! The literati temperament of Ming style furniture is well-known.
Third, the combination of literati poetry and painting and furniture
Before the Ming Dynasty, the furniture was basically just the living utensils (except for the rituals and rituals that were used as the symbol of the Shang and Zhou dynasties). In the Ming Dynasty, the furniture had more value in use while enhancing the ornamental value. This kind of situation is not only the simple and elegant beauty of the Ming Dynasty furniture itself, the lines, the materials, the decoration, etc., but also the literati's achievements in embedding the art of painting and calligraphy into the furniture. The poetry and paintings on the furniture depicting contemporary cultural celebrities can be said to be the treasures of the treasures in the furniture. The cooperation between these literati paintings and furniture enhances the viewing level of furniture and enhances the artistic value of furniture. It can be said that the cultural history of "heavy texts and light skills" has always been changed slightly in the Ming Dynasty.
Due to various historical and technological reasons, there are fewer physical objects that can be retained. However, some traces can still be found in the literature and private collections. In the "Qingyi Pavilion", two pieces of furniture are recorded, one is the "Tianyige Book Case", which is the home of Xiang Yuanzhang. Xiang's two sides printed. The original text is: "Tianyige book case, two feet two inches three inches, one foot nine inches, two feet eight inches six points, Wenmu for the heart, pear wood for the side, right two printed items, æ›° Mo Linshan people, left A seal of the æ±´ æ±´ æ±´ å å å ††††††††††††††††††††††His famous book of calligraphy and paintings is extremely popular. He once wrote "The Record of the Banana Window" and published the "Tianzhu Pavilion".
In the "Qingyige Miscellaneous" also recorded a chair, the original is "Zhou Gongyi seat, rosewood, three feet and two inches high, one foot three inches, one foot five inches eight points, leaning against the board: Nothing to sit still, one day is like two days, if you live for seventy years, it is one hundred and forty. In the winter of Wanchen, you can play the ball in the winter. Print two, one week, Zhougong, and one. The great calligrapher, who wrote the bluegrass, was especially good at the age of the ancients. Such a person is swaying on a chair back, showing how much he loves this chair, and knows that the value of this chair is more than just a seat.
Among the existing treasures, there are two official hat chairs written by two famous artists, Zhu Zhishan and Wen Zhengming, on the back of the chair. A piece of text on the slate with Wang Lan's "Lanting Collection", from "is also a day, the sky is clear, the wind is smooth and smooth" until "temporary self, enough self-sufficient" about a hundred words. The payment is "Bingyin, October, and the wish of the mountain." The following two prints: one wish Zhu Yunming, one Yi Xizhe). On the other side of the chair, Wen Zhengming has a door without peeling, and the shadow of the poultry sounds up and down. The pen window is filled with the size of the cross. Under the "recognition", the two sides are printed: one civilization seal, one Hengshan.
Zhou Tianqiu, Zhu Zhishan and Wen Zhengming, who wrote on the backs of these three chairs, are all cultural celebrities of the Ming Dynasty. Zhou Tianqiu is a great calligrapher, Zhu Zhishan is a great writer and calligrapher, Wen Zhengming is a painter. Wen and Tang Yi and Xu Yuqing were famous at the time, "Wu Zhong Si Zi" or "Wu Zhong Si Cai Zi". Such high-level intellectuals are devoted to furniture, engraving their own calligraphy on furniture, and regard furniture as a garden to enrich the play, but how can the artistic value of these furniture be ten times cheaper! The combination of celebrity painting and painting and furniture has played a great influence on the formation of Ming style furniture and the improvement of its artistic value.
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