According to statistics, the U.S. book publishing industry leads other industries for at least 1 year. The development and expansion of online bookstores is its outstanding performance. In early 1998, the number of online bookstores in the United States was only 600, and by 1999 this number had doubled to 1,200. Books have become one of the best-selling products on the Internet. The online bookstore has grown to become the fastest growing distribution channel in the United States.
From the US online bookstore sales rankings, the largest online bookstore is Amazon. In 1998, Amazon's sales reached 610 million U.S. dollars, an increase of nearly 313% from 1997. Such a splendid growth rate has made it far ahead of the second-ranked Barnes & Noble online bookstore with sales of 61.8 million U.S. dollars. Formerly known as the Computer Culture Corporation, fat-on-line bookstore sales were $10.7 million, an increase of more than 256%. Ranked in the US online bookstore sales ranking is Baodeshu Bookstore, whose “98 years of sales was 4.6 million US dollars. At present, the Amazon online bookstore controls 80% of the US online book sales market (Banou online bookstore accounted for 10%).
According to statistics from Hittrix Media Surveys, the busiest monthly websites in the United States are Amazon and Barneson’s online bookstores. The company also conducted a comprehensive evaluation of online bookstores in the United States based on factors such as ease of use, customer trust, online resource services, and overall cost. The results show that the U.S. largest online bookstore is still the most popular among consumers. Online bookstore. Based on the number of scores, consumers' favorite online books are Amazon, Barnes & Noble, Bui, Bux, Watts Wah, Spire, Forward Hastings, Wal-Mart Online, Elt and Shopping. . The most dynamic online bookstore is BUY Online Bookstore. It is a book retail site for online retailer Buy.com. Founded in 1996, Buy.com also has sites such as Buyvideos.com, Buygames.com, Buycomp.com, Buysoft.com and Buymusi.com. By 1998, the company's total turnover reached 86 million US dollars. Brooks Online Bookstore is one of the first online bookstores in the United States and has entered the ranks of the top five online bookstores in the United States. The Hastings Online Bookstore was upgraded in May 1999 and renamed the online Hastings Online Bookstore. Currently, it operates more than 10 million varieties, including entertainment products such as books, audio-visual products and software.
The business strategy has changed and the company is still expected to lose money in recent years. As the number of on-line bookstores has increased dramatically, the competition has become more intense, which has increased the difficulty of maintaining a leading position in the market. Many online bookstores have adjusted their business strategies in order to save costs.
Establish a distribution center to change the non-store business model. The Amazon Online Bookstore is known as the largest online bookstore on the planet when it opened. It has 2.5 million books. In fact, it has only a small amount of inventory, which is mainly dependent on the book wholesaler (Ingram Book Wholesale). In 1999, Amazon Online Bookstore established a huge distribution center. This is done by wishing to process orders to reduce costs instead of relying on third parties. The original intention of Barnes & Noble's bookstore in 1999 when it tried to acquire Ingram, the largest book wholesale company in the United States, was to speed up the delivery of its own Barnese online bookstore faster and more efficiently. When the U.S. Federal Trade Commission blocked the deal, Barnes & Noble Bookstore announced that it would open two distribution centers. At present, Barnes & Noble Bookstore already has a warehouse of about 93,000 square meters. In addition, since all online bookstores can almost guarantee the availability of goods, readers have no problem selecting books. Plus, all online bookstores rely on discounted promotions, so prices are less important. In order to win customers, many online bookstores shift the focus of their services to accuracy, and strive to achieve timely delivery and accurate arrival.
The three major growth points of online bookstores. Judging from the current business situation, the future development of online bookstores will rely on three growth points, namely the international market, network links and diversified operations. And the actual situation is the same. According to reports, while major online bookstores in the United States are taking steps to expand their domestic consumer groups, they have also turned their attention to the international market. The international market will become the source of sustainable development of online bookstores. In 1998, international market sales accounted for 20% of Amazon's total sales, and Baneau was 10%. Another growth point is network links. Other sites agreed to go online. The link directs the customer to a specific website and obtains a percentage of sales commission as a condition. According to statistics, Amazon Online Bookstore owns more than 20,000 linked websites. Bano has more than 100,000. The second is a variety of operations. If online bookstores want to compete with traditional bookstores, they must rely on their own advantages to carry out a variety of operations. In 1998, 98% of Barnes & Noble online bookstore sales came from books, in addition to magazines, software and audiovisual products. Amazon, on the other hand, made it clear that operating books is only the first step for bookstores. Its goal is to make bookstores "the best place to buy, find and discover any online products and services." At present, Amazon online bookstore business projects include audio and video products, software and gifts, and has entered the auction market.
According to reports, there is currently no profitable online bookstore in the United States. In 1998, the total losses of Amazon, Barnes & Noble, puddles and Baudes online bookstores reached $227.5 million, an increase of 370% over 1997. The loss growth rate is faster than the turnover (322%). So far, the managers of these online bookstores are still unwilling to predict when they will be able to maintain capital or profits, and they still claim blindly that losses will continue in the near term. According to analysis by experts, the main reason why online bookstores are not profitable is that the capital investment is too large. In 1998, Amazon spent $19.56 billion on operating expenses, and Barnes & Noble bookstores had $98 million.
1998 Amazon and Mano Operating Schedules (Millions of United States Dollars)
Project Amazon Bano Sales 610
61.8
Cost of sales 476.1
47.6
Mauri 133.9
14.2
Business expense:
Sales and promotion
133
70.4
product development
46.8
8.5
Management costs
15.8
19.2
Acquisition and other costs
50.2
Total cost
245.8
98.1
Operating loss
111.9
83.8
Net loss
124.5
81.3
From the perspective of investment, Amazon and Barnes & Noble online bookstores invest in the largest project is sales and promotion. Sales and promotion projects include advertising, marketing and public relations costs, and staff salaries and related expenses for activities such as promotion and sales. Advertising costs also include radio, television stations and print advertising, as well as fees for online advertising and establishing advertising relationships. This is followed by product development costs, which mainly include the salaries and related fees for the development, editing and telecommunications operators and consultants, as well as the telecommunications infrastructure and the cost of information acquisition. Again, the general administrative expenses include the salaries and related expenses of administrative and financial management personnel.
The sudden emergence of online bookstores at universities With the popularity of computers, online shopping has been seen by more and more Americans, especially young people, as a fashion. More importantly, consumers find online shopping not only convenient but also cost-effective. Many on-line bookstores have placed their bets on students because the student group spends more time online than any other group. They also want to buy textbooks online. In August 1998, Vasit Online Bookstore was announced. This is the first university online bookstore in the United States. The store began serving five Washington, DC schools from the beginning. By the spring of 1999, it had opened substations in 45 states and registered books for 57 state universities. All orders and shipments of the store are handled by Baker & Taylor Wholesale. Its establishment unveiled the prelude to competition in this market. The second online bookstore that set foot in this market was the large-scale online bookstore established in the fall of 1998. The success of the online bookstores of the two universities was mainly attributed to strong marketing campaigns and serious relationships with students, professors, and publishers. In early 1999, the two largest bookstores in the United States also responded. In January, Follett University's chain of bookstores with 600 stores opened Follett Online Bookstore. In addition to operating new and old textbooks, this online bookstore also runs computers and software. Soon afterwards, the bookstore of Banco University, which had 365 branches, also established a textbook online bookstore.
With the further intensification of competition, these online bookstores of universities have adopted a variety of promotional measures. Like other bookstores, Vasit online bookstores also provide customers with stock availability. However, the difference is that the ibid bookstore only sells books with inventory. The sorting, packaging, and transportation of the books are all handled by Baker Taylor Books Wholesale, so that the bookstore can make full use of the 40 companies in the Baker Taylor database. 10,000 books and 4 bookstores.
Big-name online bookstores rely on discounts and free postage. Ma Huo Johnson, the founder of the large-scale online bookstore, said that the success of the bookstore depends on discounts and free shipping. He said: "Our goal is to create brands and establish exchanges with students to meet their needs in textbooks and learning." Unlike Vasit online bookstores, Big-name online bookstores do not rely on book wholesalers to handle shipments. The bookstore opened a book processing center with an area of ​​about 17,000 square meters. At present, the order fulfillment rate of large-scale online bookstores is as high as 95%, and zero returns are realized. The textbook online bookstore puts forward the slogan "Do not like to refund."
In addition, in order to ensure fair competition between university bookstores, the American College Bookstore Association opened a website in May for members of the Association to sell university textbooks and course materials online. This site is primarily aimed at those member stores that have a turnover of less than $3 million and no internet access. There are currently 300 members online.
Although many university bookstores say they have not really felt the impact of online bookstores, they believe that with the increase in the number of online bookstores, the current 3%-10% reduction in business will further increase. The general concern of university bookstores is discounting, because online bookstores sell books that are significantly lower than college bookstores. The American College Bookstore Association is currently investigating the matter. If publishers implement different pricing policies for online bookstores and university bookstores, then these publishers may be prosecuted.
US Online University Bookstore Comparison Bookstore Book Variety Discount Textbook 6 Million Book 10%, Others Up to 90%
Big 3 million 40% highest, average 10%-20%
Vasit 400,000 15%-40%
Follett 100,000 up to 25%
Rose, a bookstore manager at Barnes & Noble, predicts that as the online bookstore further strengthens its advertising and promotion campaigns, the competition in the US online textbook retail market will further intensify, forcing the price of each retailer to decline, so the future competition will be mainly concentrated in Service. According to Eric Wrick, an online bookstore manager at Vasit, it is still unclear from the current situation whether the university's textbook network sales will increase at the suffocating rate of Amazon and Barnes & Noble online bookstores. However, he predicts that two-thirds of all new books will be sold through the Internet in the next three years. This view has also been recognized by many online bookstores.
According to the US VS survey company, the prospects for book sales in the United States are bright. By 2002, online sales of general books will increase from $1.13 billion in 1999 to $2.1 billion. According to estimates by Fryst Research, online book sales in the United States will increase to $2.7 billion by 2002. In addition, the company also estimates that online bookstore sales of other merchandise sales will grow rapidly, of which music products sales will reach 1.9 billion US dollars in 2002, software to reach 2.8 billion US dollars, video products reached 976 million US dollars.
From the US online bookstore sales rankings, the largest online bookstore is Amazon. In 1998, Amazon's sales reached 610 million U.S. dollars, an increase of nearly 313% from 1997. Such a splendid growth rate has made it far ahead of the second-ranked Barnes & Noble online bookstore with sales of 61.8 million U.S. dollars. Formerly known as the Computer Culture Corporation, fat-on-line bookstore sales were $10.7 million, an increase of more than 256%. Ranked in the US online bookstore sales ranking is Baodeshu Bookstore, whose “98 years of sales was 4.6 million US dollars. At present, the Amazon online bookstore controls 80% of the US online book sales market (Banou online bookstore accounted for 10%).
According to statistics from Hittrix Media Surveys, the busiest monthly websites in the United States are Amazon and Barneson’s online bookstores. The company also conducted a comprehensive evaluation of online bookstores in the United States based on factors such as ease of use, customer trust, online resource services, and overall cost. The results show that the U.S. largest online bookstore is still the most popular among consumers. Online bookstore. Based on the number of scores, consumers' favorite online books are Amazon, Barnes & Noble, Bui, Bux, Watts Wah, Spire, Forward Hastings, Wal-Mart Online, Elt and Shopping. . The most dynamic online bookstore is BUY Online Bookstore. It is a book retail site for online retailer Buy.com. Founded in 1996, Buy.com also has sites such as Buyvideos.com, Buygames.com, Buycomp.com, Buysoft.com and Buymusi.com. By 1998, the company's total turnover reached 86 million US dollars. Brooks Online Bookstore is one of the first online bookstores in the United States and has entered the ranks of the top five online bookstores in the United States. The Hastings Online Bookstore was upgraded in May 1999 and renamed the online Hastings Online Bookstore. Currently, it operates more than 10 million varieties, including entertainment products such as books, audio-visual products and software.
The business strategy has changed and the company is still expected to lose money in recent years. As the number of on-line bookstores has increased dramatically, the competition has become more intense, which has increased the difficulty of maintaining a leading position in the market. Many online bookstores have adjusted their business strategies in order to save costs.
Establish a distribution center to change the non-store business model. The Amazon Online Bookstore is known as the largest online bookstore on the planet when it opened. It has 2.5 million books. In fact, it has only a small amount of inventory, which is mainly dependent on the book wholesaler (Ingram Book Wholesale). In 1999, Amazon Online Bookstore established a huge distribution center. This is done by wishing to process orders to reduce costs instead of relying on third parties. The original intention of Barnes & Noble's bookstore in 1999 when it tried to acquire Ingram, the largest book wholesale company in the United States, was to speed up the delivery of its own Barnese online bookstore faster and more efficiently. When the U.S. Federal Trade Commission blocked the deal, Barnes & Noble Bookstore announced that it would open two distribution centers. At present, Barnes & Noble Bookstore already has a warehouse of about 93,000 square meters. In addition, since all online bookstores can almost guarantee the availability of goods, readers have no problem selecting books. Plus, all online bookstores rely on discounted promotions, so prices are less important. In order to win customers, many online bookstores shift the focus of their services to accuracy, and strive to achieve timely delivery and accurate arrival.
The three major growth points of online bookstores. Judging from the current business situation, the future development of online bookstores will rely on three growth points, namely the international market, network links and diversified operations. And the actual situation is the same. According to reports, while major online bookstores in the United States are taking steps to expand their domestic consumer groups, they have also turned their attention to the international market. The international market will become the source of sustainable development of online bookstores. In 1998, international market sales accounted for 20% of Amazon's total sales, and Baneau was 10%. Another growth point is network links. Other sites agreed to go online. The link directs the customer to a specific website and obtains a percentage of sales commission as a condition. According to statistics, Amazon Online Bookstore owns more than 20,000 linked websites. Bano has more than 100,000. The second is a variety of operations. If online bookstores want to compete with traditional bookstores, they must rely on their own advantages to carry out a variety of operations. In 1998, 98% of Barnes & Noble online bookstore sales came from books, in addition to magazines, software and audiovisual products. Amazon, on the other hand, made it clear that operating books is only the first step for bookstores. Its goal is to make bookstores "the best place to buy, find and discover any online products and services." At present, Amazon online bookstore business projects include audio and video products, software and gifts, and has entered the auction market.
According to reports, there is currently no profitable online bookstore in the United States. In 1998, the total losses of Amazon, Barnes & Noble, puddles and Baudes online bookstores reached $227.5 million, an increase of 370% over 1997. The loss growth rate is faster than the turnover (322%). So far, the managers of these online bookstores are still unwilling to predict when they will be able to maintain capital or profits, and they still claim blindly that losses will continue in the near term. According to analysis by experts, the main reason why online bookstores are not profitable is that the capital investment is too large. In 1998, Amazon spent $19.56 billion on operating expenses, and Barnes & Noble bookstores had $98 million.
1998 Amazon and Mano Operating Schedules (Millions of United States Dollars)
Project Amazon Bano Sales 610
61.8
Cost of sales 476.1
47.6
Mauri 133.9
14.2
Business expense:
Sales and promotion
133
70.4
product development
46.8
8.5
Management costs
15.8
19.2
Acquisition and other costs
50.2
Total cost
245.8
98.1
Operating loss
111.9
83.8
Net loss
124.5
81.3
From the perspective of investment, Amazon and Barnes & Noble online bookstores invest in the largest project is sales and promotion. Sales and promotion projects include advertising, marketing and public relations costs, and staff salaries and related expenses for activities such as promotion and sales. Advertising costs also include radio, television stations and print advertising, as well as fees for online advertising and establishing advertising relationships. This is followed by product development costs, which mainly include the salaries and related fees for the development, editing and telecommunications operators and consultants, as well as the telecommunications infrastructure and the cost of information acquisition. Again, the general administrative expenses include the salaries and related expenses of administrative and financial management personnel.
The sudden emergence of online bookstores at universities With the popularity of computers, online shopping has been seen by more and more Americans, especially young people, as a fashion. More importantly, consumers find online shopping not only convenient but also cost-effective. Many on-line bookstores have placed their bets on students because the student group spends more time online than any other group. They also want to buy textbooks online. In August 1998, Vasit Online Bookstore was announced. This is the first university online bookstore in the United States. The store began serving five Washington, DC schools from the beginning. By the spring of 1999, it had opened substations in 45 states and registered books for 57 state universities. All orders and shipments of the store are handled by Baker & Taylor Wholesale. Its establishment unveiled the prelude to competition in this market. The second online bookstore that set foot in this market was the large-scale online bookstore established in the fall of 1998. The success of the online bookstores of the two universities was mainly attributed to strong marketing campaigns and serious relationships with students, professors, and publishers. In early 1999, the two largest bookstores in the United States also responded. In January, Follett University's chain of bookstores with 600 stores opened Follett Online Bookstore. In addition to operating new and old textbooks, this online bookstore also runs computers and software. Soon afterwards, the bookstore of Banco University, which had 365 branches, also established a textbook online bookstore.
With the further intensification of competition, these online bookstores of universities have adopted a variety of promotional measures. Like other bookstores, Vasit online bookstores also provide customers with stock availability. However, the difference is that the ibid bookstore only sells books with inventory. The sorting, packaging, and transportation of the books are all handled by Baker Taylor Books Wholesale, so that the bookstore can make full use of the 40 companies in the Baker Taylor database. 10,000 books and 4 bookstores.
Big-name online bookstores rely on discounts and free postage. Ma Huo Johnson, the founder of the large-scale online bookstore, said that the success of the bookstore depends on discounts and free shipping. He said: "Our goal is to create brands and establish exchanges with students to meet their needs in textbooks and learning." Unlike Vasit online bookstores, Big-name online bookstores do not rely on book wholesalers to handle shipments. The bookstore opened a book processing center with an area of ​​about 17,000 square meters. At present, the order fulfillment rate of large-scale online bookstores is as high as 95%, and zero returns are realized. The textbook online bookstore puts forward the slogan "Do not like to refund."
In addition, in order to ensure fair competition between university bookstores, the American College Bookstore Association opened a website in May for members of the Association to sell university textbooks and course materials online. This site is primarily aimed at those member stores that have a turnover of less than $3 million and no internet access. There are currently 300 members online.
Although many university bookstores say they have not really felt the impact of online bookstores, they believe that with the increase in the number of online bookstores, the current 3%-10% reduction in business will further increase. The general concern of university bookstores is discounting, because online bookstores sell books that are significantly lower than college bookstores. The American College Bookstore Association is currently investigating the matter. If publishers implement different pricing policies for online bookstores and university bookstores, then these publishers may be prosecuted.
US Online University Bookstore Comparison Bookstore Book Variety Discount Textbook 6 Million Book 10%, Others Up to 90%
Big 3 million 40% highest, average 10%-20%
Vasit 400,000 15%-40%
Follett 100,000 up to 25%
Rose, a bookstore manager at Barnes & Noble, predicts that as the online bookstore further strengthens its advertising and promotion campaigns, the competition in the US online textbook retail market will further intensify, forcing the price of each retailer to decline, so the future competition will be mainly concentrated in Service. According to Eric Wrick, an online bookstore manager at Vasit, it is still unclear from the current situation whether the university's textbook network sales will increase at the suffocating rate of Amazon and Barnes & Noble online bookstores. However, he predicts that two-thirds of all new books will be sold through the Internet in the next three years. This view has also been recognized by many online bookstores.
According to the US VS survey company, the prospects for book sales in the United States are bright. By 2002, online sales of general books will increase from $1.13 billion in 1999 to $2.1 billion. According to estimates by Fryst Research, online book sales in the United States will increase to $2.7 billion by 2002. In addition, the company also estimates that online bookstore sales of other merchandise sales will grow rapidly, of which music products sales will reach 1.9 billion US dollars in 2002, software to reach 2.8 billion US dollars, video products reached 976 million US dollars.
A toilet is a piece of sanitary hardware that collects human urine and feces, and sometimes toilet paper, usually for disposal. Flush toilets use water, while dry or non-flush toilets do not. They can be designed for a sitting position popular in Europe and North America with a toilet seat, with additional considerations for those with disabilities, or for a squatting posture more popular in Asia (see squat toilet). In urban areas, flush toilets are usually connected to a sewer system that leads to septic tanks in isolated areas. The waste is known as blackwater and the combined effluent including other sources is sewage. Dry toilets are connected to a pit, removable container, composting chamber, or other storage and treatment device, including urine diversion with a urine-diverting toilet.
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