4. The development of printing needs aesthetics as the basis
Contemporary printing has become a comprehensive practical science. From the perspective of its entire production process, from the finishing of the original manuscript to the phototypesetting, color separation, trimming, plate making, printing and binding, the period involves optics, electricity, chemistry, color, design, mathematics, mechanics, electronics Computer technology, statistics, management, psychology, of course, are inseparable from aesthetics.
The popularity of electronic computers has greatly improved the level of automatic control of the three major systems: pre-press, printing, and post-press, making many people think that everyone is competent for printing. The facts tell us that many factories The equipment is up, but the printing quality has not improved, and poor quality products are still printed. This is because no matter how advanced science and technology must be used by people, the more modern advanced science and technology, the more the operator is required to master the knowledge and ability of advanced science and technology, and the more aesthetic literacy. This has been explained by a large number of facts. With the advent of Photoshop software, its image processing function has reached a level beyond the reach of many professional painters, and many people think that they will become experts in graphic processing overnight. In the summer vacation of 1998, I participated in the DTP technology training class of the press and publishing system. The teachers concerned compared the works created by the students of the printing department and the art department with Photoshop. Everyone was surprised to find that the difference between the works of the students of the two departments is obvious. The beauty of student works is indeed different.
French sculptor Rodin once said: "Beauty is everywhere. For our eyes, it is not lack of beauty, but lack of discovery." The difference between the students of these two departments is the lack of "discovery", "discovery" can not be the real The beauty is. The reason why this is so is because everyone ’s aesthetic level is different, and learning a little aesthetics can enhance our ability to recognize beauty and ugliness, turning our own simple aesthetic consciousness into a regular understanding, and conscious, generally consistent aesthetic requirements . Moreover, having a high aesthetic literacy and broad aesthetic realm will naturally translate into our desire for continuous innovation, and further apply the law of beauty to the printing of beautiful products to promote the improvement of the quality of printed products. All this shows that the printing process is a arduous and complicated creative work for spreading scientific culture and realizing the beauty of the form of printed products.
China invented engraving technology 700 years earlier than Europe, and invented movable type printing technology 400 years earlier than Germany. But in modern times, our country has lagged behind these countries. The experts found three reasons after research. In addition to the fact that the Ming and Qing dynasties implemented the eight-legged literary scholars and the Qingkang, Yong, and Qian dynasties, there were more than 120 word prisons, which imprisoned the intellectuals ’ingenuity. There is also an important reason. The creation and invention of printing technology in society is regarded as "fantastic skills, tricks and tricks". We should learn from this historical lesson.
Since the invention of printing, people have been hoping to show images with changes in shades and shades on printed products. However, since there are only inked parts and non-inked parts on the printing plate, it is impossible to reflect the changes in image levels with the thickness of the inked layer. For a long time, printing was limited to text reproduction. Later, people used the density of lines to express the level, and they could only show the effect of continuous tone from a distance, and the image copying effect was greatly restricted.
It wasn't until 1868 that the German Joseph albert invented the Colo printing, and for the first time in the world, printed matter with light and shade levels appeared. No need to add screens to the Corot version, use negative images to continuously adjust the negative film, and use the photosensitive film to harden the film layer due to the difference in the amount of light received. The degree of film hardening determines the expansion of the film. Form fine wrinkles with different density and density, the greater the amount of light received, the greater the degree of hardening, the smaller the expansion, the more wrinkles, the less moisture it absorbs, the more ink it adheres to, and the darker the color tone after printing; otherwise, the color tone becomes Bright, so that various levels on the original image can be reproduced. Because the colloidal version of the glue cannot bear direct paper imprinting, its durability is very low and it cannot meet mass printing.
In the history of printing, the history of screenless printing is quite long, about 1,300 years. In this long history, people's desire to improve the printing effect has not changed. People's confidence in pursuing perfection has not changed. After long-term practice and diligent exploration, printing finally has an epoch-making technological invention-there is screen printing.
In 1882, German Georg Meisenbach invented the line screen screening technology. Because the average transmission of the mesh is about 1/2, it is called halftone screens (Halftone Screens). People began to be able to screen continuously adjusted images after screening Decompose into halftone images for platemaking. In 1886, Americans Ives and Ievy rotated the line mesh by 90 degrees to make a cross-shaped glass screen. They successfully divided the image into dots of different sizes and uniform density. The size of the dots showed the image brightness from different areas. Strength. This series of inventions unveiled the history of human beings having screen printing. After this, people continued to explore and invented the Grada screen, contact screen, electronic screen, FM screen ... and opened up a new world for printing more perfect graphics.
Some people think that printing is just copying and "drawing the scoop according to the gourd", which has no effect on the form of the original. The printing industry is mainly a processing industry. Its craftsmanship can only faithfully copy manuscripts. This is correct. However, can all technical means and techniques be mobilized to maximize the reproduction of manuscripts. This is not only a matter of copying technology, but also Most of them are artistic problems.
Let's take the reproduction of color pictures as an example to take a look at the importance of aesthetics in printing.
First of all, the producers have to discuss the aesthetics of the sketches, understand the artistic conception of the painters and photographers "Traveling Hearts" and "Expressive Portrayal", the subtlety of the combination of color, line, layout of the virtual and real, light and dark, and light and dark, and then Consider how to design the process to reproduce the true face of the artwork. There is a famous saying by ancient artists: "Foreigners make their own creations, and they have a source of hearts". This refers to creation, but as a printer of drafts, at least they should also use drafts as a teacher to detect the "heart source" of painters. Whether or not this can be done is very different for achieving the exquisite printing of artwork. Secondly, the density difference of general manuscripts can reach 3.0, while the maximum density difference of current prints can only reach 2.2, and generally does not exceed 1.8. When printing and copying, it is necessary to maintain the density level of 0.2 or more on the original and control the contrast at about 1.8. There is a problem that the plate-making operator selects a certain part of the original to reproduce. Third, according to the body odor of the manuscript, the manuscript is subjected to plate-making and color separation. How to optimize the color combination and control the gray balance is also very learned. After entering the printing process, it is necessary to use printing colorology and adjust the printing pressure. To control the ink and ink balance. In order to print out the products with bright and clean surface and bright colors. This shows that printing is not a solution to the original manuscript. In the cover printing of the book "Fun Geography" published by Jiangsu Children's Publishing House, the background color of the cover of the book is black, and the black ink is used at the beginning of the printing, the effect is always unsatisfactory, and it is duller than the original. The effect of black printing is surprisingly good. It is faithful to the solemn and solemn color of the original, and is thicker and brighter than the original.
It is not difficult to draw such a conclusion from the above examples: the mastery of printing technology, the improvement of printing level, and the development of the printing business are inseparable from aesthetics.
5. The 21st century is an era in which printing pursues perfection
Quality is the life of printing companies, technology is the guarantee for the development of printing companies, and the pursuit of perfection is the driving force for the development of printing companies.
Modern printing technology has a history of more than 100 years. Screening methods range from amplitude screening to frequency modulation screening. The size of the dots ranges from coarse dots to fine dots. The distribution of dots varies from regular to random distribution. Technology from optical decomposition to electronic decomposition, all of these technological improvements and innovations, the central purpose is to improve the quality of printing, to meet the society's demand for the beauty of printed products. With the further development of science and technology, the improvement of the quality of printing materials and printing equipment and the advancement of printing technology, printing in the 21st century will move towards a higher level of beauty-high-fidelity printing.
The so-called high-fidelity printing, the author believes that it should include high-screen printing, high-color printing, high-density printing.
1. High screen printing has been developed since the 1990s. It aims at improving the resolution and resolution of printed images. It is generally believed that the use of network lines above 120l / cm to screen, or the use of frequency modulation screen to achieve can be called high screen printing.
The highest number of printed lines published by Drupa'90 is 200l / cm. Nowadays, high-screen printing technology has developed quite a lot. On Drupa'95, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries has provided 275l / cm of printed images with exquisite and three-dimensional sense. After that, some companies produced 350 l / cm and 400 l / cm prints, and are developing to 600 l / cm higher network cables.
The products printed by high screen have the following beauty:
â‘ The resolution of printed matter is improved, and the range of color reproduction is expanded. In high screen printing, the details of the image and small text can be clearly displayed. In addition, the size of the dots becomes smaller, and the red, green, and blue inks (yellow, magenta, and cyan) on the printed matter overlap less each other, so the color difference generated is reduced, the color saturation is improved, and the whole is expanded. The range of color reproduction narrows the gap between prints, photos, and nature.
â‘¡The texture of printed matter is improved. The smooth tone of the photographer's pictures can be reproduced within the distance of bright vision, such as the transparency of porcelain, etc., giving a realistic feeling.
â‘¢ Moire is suppressed. Moire is a common name for the moire pattern produced when improperly controlling the angle of the screen line during printing or copying the printed matter. Moire affects the appearance of printed matter and is one of the phenomena to be avoided in printing. When there are cloth holes and parallel line patterns on the original, printing with high screen lines can suppress the occurrence of moire and produce bright prints. At the same time, because of the extremely small dots, this pattern is not easy to be felt. Rosette pattern is suppressed.
2. High chroma printing is a method of reproducing originals by increasing the chroma of printed matter. At present, FM screening technology and multi-color printing methods (ie CMYK + spot colors) are mainly used. Multi-color printing has a wider color gamut and higher saturation than printing with four-color inks alone. Indigo's E-Print1000, which was exhibited at Drupa'95, used two printing methods to improve chroma and realized 6-color printing, which improved the printing quality by another grade.
3. High-density printing is a method of reproducing originals by increasing the solid density of printing. The field density data used by it are: yellow 1.3 ～ 1.65; magenta, cyan 2.05 ～ 2.17; black 2.1 ～ 2.3, while the ordinary printed matter's field density values ​​are: yellow 1.1; magenta 1.45; cyan 1.55; black 1.7, The increase in solid density improves the ability of the printed matter to express color, but from the overall effect, it is not as good as the high-color printing method.
In the future high-fidelity printing process, FM screening will become the mainstream expression level. FM screening was first proposed by Scheuter and Fisher in Germany in 1982, 100 years after the invention of glass screens. However, due to the limitation of computing and storage capacity of the computer at that time, it was unable to meet the requirements of FM screening, so that the FM screening technology was not paid for in practical applications. In the 1990s, the computer computing and storage capabilities were further improved, and the FM screening theory was continuously improved and perfected. In the spring of 1993, at the Seybold seminar in Boston, USA, Agfa and Linotype-Hell exhibited the adoption The printed samples of FM screening first introduced the FM screening technology to the world. China's response to FM technology is fast, and Beijing University is also developing its own FM screening technology in August of the same year.
FM screening technology is to scan the input image, and after processing by the computer, output the same size points randomly distributed in different spaces. The frequency of the dots varies with the density and level of the image. Therefore, it is also called random screening. Network technology (Stochaslic Screening). The difference between FM dots and traditional amplitude modulation dots in the formation of printed products is that traditional AM dots divide continuous modulation originals by a certain process method to form the same number of small units in any unit area, and each According to the needs of the color and tone of the picture, the small unit forms inked and non-inked parts. The entire screen is composed of dot groups, and the color tone is discontinuous. In the image of amplitude modulation and screening, the number of dots per inch is fixed, and the change of the size or area of ​​the dots reflects the intensity of the original or density. Although the FM technology also uses the principle of halftone to reproduce continuous tuned originals, the size of the dots in the first-order FM screening is fixed, and the density of the screen is reproduced through the density or sparseness of the dots, that is, according to the originals. The density of the area is different, and the probability of dots is different. From the overall point of view, dots are irregular, so there is no angle problem of dots, and because the generation of dots is randomly controlled by the computer, each color scan, graphics The probability of dot reproduction in the same area in the network is also different. In the second-order random screening, the distance and area between the dots are changing. Second-order random screening is very similar to photographic photos in the mechanism of expressing gradation, except that photographic photos are formed of silver particles or dye particles with different distances and different sizes to form gradation or toner. At this point, the printing of manuscripts that are very close to photographic photographs is getting closer and closer to the true meaning of beauty.
Indeed, the history of printing is such a long scroll for beauty. The scientists of future generations were attracted and inspired by the harmonious picture displayed by their predecessors. They climbed to the predecessor ’s foothold and stood on the shoulders of the predecessor giants. At this time, people stood higher and looked farther. . The harmonious picture that people had previously appreciated was replaced by a more magnificent new picture. Although what people saw was not fiction, it has gradually dissolved into a wider scene. These new discoveries have further evoked people's self-confidence. Although the road ahead is steeper and more difficult, people's desire to continue to forge ahead is stronger. Because people believe that the unknown world is more beautiful than the one in front of it, and it is worth exploring. Only those who have created beauty can truly enjoy it. To create beauty, more hard work must be paid. Once the new realm becomes clear and discernible, the explorer will have a sense of optimism. With the advent of the 21st century, people ’s desire for perfection will become more and more intense, and the desire for the improvement of printed product quality will also become more and more intense. The problems in high-fidelity printing will continue to combine technology and aesthetics. On the basis of innovation and development, it has been continuously solved by people. The quality of printed products will be closer to that of color manuscripts, and printed products will bring people more and more enjoyment of beauty.
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