When we add furniture or home decoration, the plates are always inseparable from our sights and choices. With the improvement of living standards, the environmental characteristics of materials have attracted more and more attention. Toxic volatiles such as formaldehyde are always letting consumers talk about it. So what types of plates are there? Where are the pollutants coming from? This article attempts to solve the doubts for everyone.
First, the plate classification
The plates mentioned in the home improvement and furniture purchase are divided into solid wood plates and particle board from the source of raw materials.
(1) Solid wood board. The average consumer would think that solid wood is a whole piece of wood. However, because of the concept definition and the problem of national standards, in fact, the latter kinds of plates made of wood blocks or plates with thickness are also classified as solid wood boards. Please note that this is essentially different from solid wood laminate (plywood) and solid wood particle board (particleboard). The difference is whether the raw material is solid wood.
1. Pure solid wood: a plate made up of whole pieces of wood. It is characterized by no splicing or veneer marks other than mechanical marks.
2. Large core board (blockboard): the core layer is glued to the solid wood block, and the surface layer is attached with solid wood veneer. The feature is that the splicing structure can be seen from the section.
3. Finger joint board: A board made of glued pieces of wood or wooden strips with finger joints. The feature is that you can see the finger joints.
4. Veneer lumber (LVL): A sheet made by pressing a thick veneer in the direction of the grain of the wood. The difference from the plywood is that the veneer is much thicker (2~12mm), not a single layer structure, and the texture of each veneer is the same.
5. Glulam: Similar to the finger joint, but there is no finger joint structure, the unit arrangement is vertical, and the unit texture direction is the same. Commonly used as structural materials.
(2) The particle board is a wood-based board obtained by using a scrap of inferior wood or a hot-pressed thin wood by sizing. Commonly used are particleboard, fiberboard and plywood. Common materials such as poplar, pine, eucalyptus, fir or other tree species of small diameter timber, branches and sapwood.
1. Particleboard: A wood-based panel made of fine wood chips, shavings or agricultural residues. The characteristic is that the surface of the section is dense, and the core layer is loose and visible.
2. Fibreboard: A wood-based panel made of wood or agricultural residues by hot pressing. Common medium density fiberboard (MDF). The characteristic is that the plate is relatively uniform and the color is generally deep.
3. Plywood: A thin piece of wood that is cut from a log and is hot pressed by the preform. Plywood follows the principle of odd-numbered layers. Consumers can count how many layers of thin wood they share, which is a big difference from veneer lumber. Another feature is that the fiber orientation of the adjacent layers of wood is perpendicular to each other, which is also the difference from the veneer lumber. Because the thin wood of the plywood is thin (generally only 0.5 mm), it has lost many of the characteristics of the log itself and cannot be classified as a solid wood board.
Among the above three kinds of particle boards, since the particle board and the fiber board have lost the texture characteristics of the logs, in practice, a thin layer of wood or decorative impregnated paper is applied on the surface. For example, the so-called moisture-proof board is made by applying melamine decorative impregnated paper on the surface of the particle board.
Second, the source of pollutants
The harmful substances released from the plates are collectively referred to as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). There are two main sources of VOC in the board: paint and adhesive.
Coating
In order to improve the surface properties of the board and to protect the board, the finishing process is used to a certain extent, and the solid wood board is more common (because the solid wood board does not need to be attached with thin wood or decorative paper). The organic solvents used in coatings are an important source of VOCs. It mainly releases harmful gases such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, acetone, butyl acetate, formaldehyde, butanol, formic acid, vinyl chloride and phenol. Therefore, if the coating can use nitro or water-based paint, it can reduce VOC emissions considerably. Because the paint is just a surface decoration, it usually leaves for a while and the taste will naturally dissipate. If you buy a high-quality plate but find it has a taste, do not worry, usually sit for a few days to solve.
2. Adhesive
In addition to pure solid wood panels, almost all panels require an adhesive. Because the amount of adhesive used is large, especially particleboard and fiberboard (accounting for 12% of the total mass of the board), the adhesive is the main culprit for formaldehyde volatilization. When purchasing plates, please try to buy phenolic resin, isocyanate (MDI) plate, which can greatly reduce the release of formaldehyde. This standard is applicable to all types of boards. Formaldehyde and isocyanate should be considered a concentration problem for the human body. As long as good regular ventilation is maintained, it will not affect our normal life.
In the purchase process, we must be optimistic about the formaldehyde emission level of the board. E0 is the best, E1 is second, and E2 is rarely used. Some manufacturers also have super E0 boards, and the amount of formaldehyde released is even less. In general, solid wood panels use less glue than scrap stocks and are relatively more environmentally friendly. It is not necessary to blindly worship zero formaldehyde, but also to consider their actual needs, choose the high-quality plates of regular manufacturers, the difference will not be great.
Third, the VOC release comparison of each plate
Because the main VOC type of the board is still formaldehyde, we still use formaldehyde as the standard for comparison. The current national standards for extraction of formaldehyde are the extraction method, the dryer method and the climate chamber method (all transition to the climate chamber method). First of all, let's look at the E1 and E2 standards for domestic use. It was first seen in the "release limit of formaldehyde in wood-based panels and their products for interior decoration materials" promulgated in 2001. GB 18580 -2001
Because of the problem of national standard design, fiberboard and particleboard cannot be directly compared with other plates. According to the "Determination of the correlation between the release of formaldehyde in medium density fiberboard by the method of dryer and perforation extraction" (Chi Yongliang 2015): D = 4.8953A + 2.3412 (A: dryer method, D perforation method), we The standard of various plates can be unified as follows:
Correctly understand the characteristics of each sheet and choose according to your needs. Keep an eye on the environmental protection level and the type of paint and adhesive used. Do not use the “silent lamb†in the building materials market.
First, the plate classification
The plates mentioned in the home improvement and furniture purchase are divided into solid wood plates and particle board from the source of raw materials.
(1) Solid wood board. The average consumer would think that solid wood is a whole piece of wood. However, because of the concept definition and the problem of national standards, in fact, the latter kinds of plates made of wood blocks or plates with thickness are also classified as solid wood boards. Please note that this is essentially different from solid wood laminate (plywood) and solid wood particle board (particleboard). The difference is whether the raw material is solid wood.
1. Pure solid wood: a plate made up of whole pieces of wood. It is characterized by no splicing or veneer marks other than mechanical marks.
2. Large core board (blockboard): the core layer is glued to the solid wood block, and the surface layer is attached with solid wood veneer. The feature is that the splicing structure can be seen from the section.
3. Finger joint board: A board made of glued pieces of wood or wooden strips with finger joints. The feature is that you can see the finger joints.
4. Veneer lumber (LVL): A sheet made by pressing a thick veneer in the direction of the grain of the wood. The difference from the plywood is that the veneer is much thicker (2~12mm), not a single layer structure, and the texture of each veneer is the same.
5. Glulam: Similar to the finger joint, but there is no finger joint structure, the unit arrangement is vertical, and the unit texture direction is the same. Commonly used as structural materials.
(2) The particle board is a wood-based board obtained by using a scrap of inferior wood or a hot-pressed thin wood by sizing. Commonly used are particleboard, fiberboard and plywood. Common materials such as poplar, pine, eucalyptus, fir or other tree species of small diameter timber, branches and sapwood.
1. Particleboard: A wood-based panel made of fine wood chips, shavings or agricultural residues. The characteristic is that the surface of the section is dense, and the core layer is loose and visible.
2. Fibreboard: A wood-based panel made of wood or agricultural residues by hot pressing. Common medium density fiberboard (MDF). The characteristic is that the plate is relatively uniform and the color is generally deep.
3. Plywood: A thin piece of wood that is cut from a log and is hot pressed by the preform. Plywood follows the principle of odd-numbered layers. Consumers can count how many layers of thin wood they share, which is a big difference from veneer lumber. Another feature is that the fiber orientation of the adjacent layers of wood is perpendicular to each other, which is also the difference from the veneer lumber. Because the thin wood of the plywood is thin (generally only 0.5 mm), it has lost many of the characteristics of the log itself and cannot be classified as a solid wood board.
Among the above three kinds of particle boards, since the particle board and the fiber board have lost the texture characteristics of the logs, in practice, a thin layer of wood or decorative impregnated paper is applied on the surface. For example, the so-called moisture-proof board is made by applying melamine decorative impregnated paper on the surface of the particle board.
Second, the source of pollutants
The harmful substances released from the plates are collectively referred to as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). There are two main sources of VOC in the board: paint and adhesive.
Coating
In order to improve the surface properties of the board and to protect the board, the finishing process is used to a certain extent, and the solid wood board is more common (because the solid wood board does not need to be attached with thin wood or decorative paper). The organic solvents used in coatings are an important source of VOCs. It mainly releases harmful gases such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, acetone, butyl acetate, formaldehyde, butanol, formic acid, vinyl chloride and phenol. Therefore, if the coating can use nitro or water-based paint, it can reduce VOC emissions considerably. Because the paint is just a surface decoration, it usually leaves for a while and the taste will naturally dissipate. If you buy a high-quality plate but find it has a taste, do not worry, usually sit for a few days to solve.
2. Adhesive
In addition to pure solid wood panels, almost all panels require an adhesive. Because the amount of adhesive used is large, especially particleboard and fiberboard (accounting for 12% of the total mass of the board), the adhesive is the main culprit for formaldehyde volatilization. When purchasing plates, please try to buy phenolic resin, isocyanate (MDI) plate, which can greatly reduce the release of formaldehyde. This standard is applicable to all types of boards. Formaldehyde and isocyanate should be considered a concentration problem for the human body. As long as good regular ventilation is maintained, it will not affect our normal life.
In the purchase process, we must be optimistic about the formaldehyde emission level of the board. E0 is the best, E1 is second, and E2 is rarely used. Some manufacturers also have super E0 boards, and the amount of formaldehyde released is even less. In general, solid wood panels use less glue than scrap stocks and are relatively more environmentally friendly. It is not necessary to blindly worship zero formaldehyde, but also to consider their actual needs, choose the high-quality plates of regular manufacturers, the difference will not be great.
Third, the VOC release comparison of each plate
Because the main VOC type of the board is still formaldehyde, we still use formaldehyde as the standard for comparison. The current national standards for extraction of formaldehyde are the extraction method, the dryer method and the climate chamber method (all transition to the climate chamber method). First of all, let's look at the E1 and E2 standards for domestic use. It was first seen in the "release limit of formaldehyde in wood-based panels and their products for interior decoration materials" promulgated in 2001. GB 18580 -2001
Because of the problem of national standard design, fiberboard and particleboard cannot be directly compared with other plates. According to the "Determination of the correlation between the release of formaldehyde in medium density fiberboard by the method of dryer and perforation extraction" (Chi Yongliang 2015): D = 4.8953A + 2.3412 (A: dryer method, D perforation method), we The standard of various plates can be unified as follows:
Correctly understand the characteristics of each sheet and choose according to your needs. Keep an eye on the environmental protection level and the type of paint and adhesive used. Do not use the “silent lamb†in the building materials market.
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