Source: Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
Recently, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology released the “Research Report on the Recycling and Utilization of New Energy Vehicles' Power Battery (Introduction)â€. The research report introduced the development status of the new energy vehicle and power battery industry and the power battery recycling industry, and the basic status of power battery recycling and the use of ladders. The status quo and the basic status of recycling have been analyzed, and it is pointed out that most of the utilization of the cascade is in the experimental demonstration stage, mainly concentrated in the fields of backup power and energy storage. The future market prospect is broad and has become a hot spot for industry development.
Research report on recycling of new energy vehicle power battery (introduction)
Development status of new energy vehicles and power battery industry
(1) New energy automobile industry
After more than 20 years of development, China's new energy vehicles have realized a “three-level†transition from scientific research and industrialization to market promotion. At present, the cumulative output of new energy vehicles in China has exceeded 2.8 million, and the scale of promotion ranks first in the world. In terms of vehicle types, passenger cars and commercial vehicles accounted for about 70.4% and 29.6% of the total output respectively; the power type was mainly pure electric, accounting for 78.5% of the total output, and the plug-in hybrid was about 21.5%. The regional distribution is mainly concentrated in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta regions, with Guangdong, Shanghai, Beijing, Shandong and Zhejiang holding the top five in the country.
(2) Power battery industry
The cumulative supporting capacity of power storage batteries in China exceeds 131GWh, and the industrial scale ranks first in the world. In the matching type, lithium iron phosphate and three batteries accounted for about 54% and 40% respectively. The proportion of three-cell battery in pure electric passenger car and commercial vehicle is about 71% and 17% respectively, and the proportion of lithium iron phosphate battery is about 23% and 78% respectively; the plug-in hybrid car is three, lithium iron phosphate battery The matching proportion is about 53% and 33% respectively. In terms of shape design, square, cylindrical and soft packages account for about 78.7%, 20.6% and 0.7%.
(3) Power battery raw material industry
With the rapid increase in the demand for power batteries, the investment scale of the raw materials industry has expanded rapidly. Leading enterprises in the cathode material, anode material, separator and electrolyte industry have obvious advantages in market share and technology research and development, and the industry concentration is high. In 2017, the output of cathode materials in China reached 323,000 tons, the output of lithium iron phosphate was 60,000 tons, the output of anode materials reached 146,000 tons, the sales volume of separators was 1.36 billion square meters, and the output of electrolytes was 102,000 tons.
Development status of power battery recycling industry
(1) Safety and environmental resources characteristics of used power batteries After a large number of decommissioning of power batteries, improper disposal and maximum value utilization will threaten public safety, cause irreversible environmental pollution, and waste valuable valuable metal resources.
From a safety perspective, there are certain safety hazards in the improper disposal of used power batteries. One is the hidden danger of electric shock. The rated voltage of the power battery of the new energy vehicle is relatively high, and the contact with the personnel in the absence of protective measures may cause an electric shock accident. The second is the hidden danger of explosion. In the case of internal or external short circuit of the battery, the positive and negative poles will generate a large current and cause high heat, causing the positive and negative electrodes to burn. The third is the hidden danger of corrosion. The electrolyte is an organic, volatile liquid that reacts with moisture in the air to produce a white, corrosive and irritating hydrogen fluoride fumes.
From an environmental perspective, used power batteries have threats to the ecological environment and personal health. One is heavy metal pollution. The positive electrode material of the battery contains heavy metals such as nickel and cobalt, which will cause heavy metal pollution without professional recycling. The second is electrolyte contamination. The electrolyte solute LiPF6 is toxic and deliquescent, which causes fluorine pollution, which causes water pollution.
From the perspective of resources, nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion power batteries contain lithium, nickel, cobalt, manganese and rare earth metals due to different cathode materials. The power battery industry has strong demand for lithium, nickel and cobalt. As the cumulative amount of power storage batteries continues to increase, these resources in the battery, if not effectively recycled, will directly cause huge waste of resources.
(II) Analysis of the status quo and trend of decommissioning of power batteries
1. Status of decommissioning
From the perspective of the number, types and distribution of existing decommissioned batteries, they are relatively concentrated. The new energy vehicles produced during the promotion of the “Ten Cities and Thousand Vehicles Project†produced a total of 1.22GWh of decommissioned power batteries (hereinafter referred to as “retired batteriesâ€); the decommissioned batteries were mainly concentrated in the promotion of new energy vehicles such as Shenzhen, Hefei and Beijing. city.
Judging from the recovery situation of enterprises, the currently recovered power storage batteries are mainly based on the waste power storage batteries generated during the R&D and production process. The new energy vehicles have fewer decommissioned batteries, mainly from the waste power storage batteries produced by R&D test and production.
From the perspective of comprehensive utilization of economy, three batteries and lithium iron phosphate batteries have advantages. In terms of ladder utilization, lithium iron phosphate batteries are more suitable for use in the ladder. In terms of recycling, the company's recycling revenue has certain uncertainty, which is susceptible to the number of decommissioned batteries, raw material market conditions and corporate management level.
Judging from the situation of users handing over decommissioned batteries, there are cases in which many manufacturers such as battery manufacturers, recycling companies, leasing companies and insurance companies recycle and dispose of decommissioned batteries. For example, most of the power batteries decommissioned in Shenzhen are recycled and stored by battery manufacturers for use in ladder utilization; Beijing New Energy Bus Power Battery is mainly leased, and after decommissioning, it is used by Beijing Electric Power Company for the use of energy storage products. Research or recycling business processing.
2. Decommissioning trend analysis
In terms of the number, type and distribution of decommissioned batteries, the amount of decommissioning is positively correlated with the amount of decommissioning, and the cumulative decommissioning of the three batteries is relatively high. It is predicted that the accumulated battery in China will be about 25GWh in 2020. Retired batteries will be mainly concentrated in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta regions where new energy vehicles are in large quantities. As individual users gradually become the main consumers of new energy vehicles, the recycling of decommissioned batteries will gradually shift to individual users.
Basic status of recycling of used power batteries
(1) Construction of the recycling system
In 2018, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, together with the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of Commerce, the General Administration of Markets, and the Energy Bureau, issued the Interim Measures for the Management of the Recycling and Utilization of Power Battery for New Energy Vehicles, and established a recycling management mechanism. Promote the establishment of recycling system; the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology announced the “Interim Provisions on the Management of Traceability of Recycling and Utilization of Power Battery for New Energy Vehiclesâ€, which clarified the requirements for the collection of traceability information, and stipulated the responsibility for the main body of each enterprise to perform the recycling and traceability. A comprehensive management platform for national monitoring and power battery recycling and traceability of new energy vehicles (hereinafter referred to as “national platformâ€) has been constructed, and a full life cycle traceability management system with sources that can be traced, traceable, node-controllable, and accountable can be constructed.
The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, together with relevant departments, issued the “Implementation Plan for the Pilot Recycling of New Energy Vehicles' Power Batteryâ€, “Notice on Doing a Pilot Work on Recycling and Utilization of New Energy Vehicles' Power Batteryâ€, and identified 17 areas in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and Shanghai. And China Railway Tower Company carried out pilot projects, actively cultivated benchmark enterprises, and explored a multi-recycling model with strong technical economy and friendly resources and environment. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the "Regulations on the Comprehensive Utilization of Waste Energy and Battery for New Energy Vehicles" and the Interim Measures for the Administration of Announcement, and promoted the management of the comprehensive utilization of used power batteries. The first batch of enterprises has been announced.
All regions have accelerated the establishment of regional recycling systems and taken measures to promote recycling. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region issued the “Pilot Implementation Plan for the Recycling and Utilization of New Energy Vehicles' Power Battery in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Regionâ€, established a recycling alliance, and jointly built a shared recycling network. The Yangtze River Delta region unified standards to build recycling service outlets to achieve regional collaboration. Focusing on Shenzhen, the Pearl River Delta region will build a power battery information management system and improve the incentive mechanism in accordance with the "Internet + supervision" approach. The cooperation of backbone automobile, battery production and comprehensive utilization enterprises in the central region will build a regional recycling and recycling center based on the industrial base advantages of the region. Other regions are also strengthening the organization and support for the implementation of pilot projects in enterprises.
Automobile manufacturers build recycling systems in a variety of ways. At present, 45 companies including Beiqi New Energy and GAC Mitsubishi have established 3,204 recycling service outlets, mainly in areas with high holdings of new energy vehicles in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Central China.
There are two modes of recycling system construction, one is dominated by producers, and the automobile production enterprises use the sales channels to build a decommissioned battery recycling system, and the recycled battery recycling comprehensive utilization enterprises handle or cooperate with them to jointly utilize the remaining value of the battery; the other is With the third party as the main body, the ladder and recycling enterprises cooperate with automobile and battery manufacturers to build a shared recycling service network and collect the retired batteries of the new energy vehicles of the cooperative enterprises.
The national platform has been running, using battery coding (BIN) as the information carrier to realize the information collection and supervision of the life cycle of the power battery. Among them, the "vehicle management module" collects traceability information for automobile manufacturers, and the "recycling management module" collects traceability information for recycling, ladder utilization and recycling enterprises.
(II) Basic status of the use of the cascade
Generally, when the capacity of the power battery is attenuated to less than 80%, the power demand of the vehicle will not be fully satisfied, but it can be used in other fields. At present, the amount of decommissioning of power batteries is small, and most of the utilization of the ladders is in the experimental demonstration stage, mainly in the fields of backup power and energy storage.
In 2018, China Tower Corporation stopped purchasing lead-acid batteries and vigorously promoted the use of lithium batteries. It has used ladder-based battery backup applications in about 120,000 base stations in 31 provinces and cities, and is in standby, energy storage and external power generation applications. The scenario strengthens business expansion. The State Grid has built a 1MWh ladder using lithium iron phosphate battery energy storage system demonstration project to receive renewable energy power generation and frequency modulation. Shenzhen BYD, Guoxuan Hi-Tech and other companies have also developed ladder-based battery products for standby, wind and photovoltaic energy storage. From the perspective of development trends, the market utilization of the echelon utilization is broad, and it has become a hot spot for the development of the industry. Some enterprises are exploring new business models such as “selling for sale†in the field of echelon utilization.
From the aspects of ecological design, production control and information sharing, the industry needs to be strengthened. There are still shortcomings in green material selection, standardization and versatile design, easy-to-disassemble structural design, and easy-to-use design. Power battery products still have problems such as poor consistency. Upstream and downstream enterprises in the industrial chain have not formed a mechanism for sharing key resources such as communication protocols and historical data.
There are some advances in the use of technology, but there are still technical bottlenecks. The use of the ladder is mainly to detect the reorganization and repair of the two technical routes. Beijing Artisan, Shenzhen BYD, Xingheng Power and other enterprises have made certain breakthroughs in the retirement battery life assessment, system integration and battery cell repair. However, there are still problems in the use of ladders, such as low efficiency, battery life and consistency assessment. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology will work with the standardization authorities to accelerate the development of series of standards for the recycling of power batteries. At present, among the 17 national standards that have been developed in priority, there are 4 publications of coding rules, product specification sizes, residual energy detection, and disassembly specifications. Shanghai, Zhejiang and other research and development of local standards for the recycling of power batteries, China Railway Tower to lead the preparation of three group standards have been released.
(3) Basic status of recycling
At present, the waste battery recycling industry has a certain scale and industrialization. Enterprises represented by Hubei GEM, Hunan Bangpu, Guangdong Guanghua, Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt, and Jiangxi Haopeng have already possessed large-scale recycling capacity. Most of the recycling enterprises have been developed from waste electrical and electronic products processing enterprises and non-ferrous metal smelting enterprises, mainly in small and medium-sized cities with corresponding industrial bases in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Central China.
The industry already has more mature equipment and processes, but there is still room for technology upgrades. In terms of dismantling, Hubei GEM and Hunan Bump have developed a complete set of automated dismantling processes. Beijing Simemei has developed an electrolyte and membrane disassembly recovery process. Recycling is mainly based on hydrometallurgy and physical restoration. In terms of hydrometallurgy, Hunan Bangpu developed the “Directed Circulation and Reverse Product Positioning†process, and Hubei GEM developed the “liquid phase synthesis and high temperature synthesis†process. In terms of physical repair, Sidemax automatically disassembles, pulverizes and sorts the battery cells, and then obtains positive and negative materials through the material repair process. However, the industry still has problems such as low lithium metal recovery rate and poor compatibility of various battery recycling processes. At present, countries and industry standards related to recycling are accelerating research and development.
Editor in charge: Ge Hongyan
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